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Chapter 2

Understanding Psychology by Richard A. Kasschau, Ph.D.

QuestionAnswer
sample the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies
naturalistic observation research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
case study research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
survey research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
longitudinal study research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development
cross-sectional study research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
correlation the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
hypothesis an educated guess about the relationship between two variables
variable any factor that is capable of change
experimental group the group to which an independent variable is applied
control group the group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied
self-fulfilling prophecy a situation in which a researcher's expectations influence that person's own behavior, and thereby influence the participant's behavior
single-blind experiment an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment
double-blind experiment an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
placebo effect a change in a participant's illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment
statistics the branch of mathematics cocerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data
descriptive statistics the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way
frequency distribution an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs
normal curve a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution
central tendency a number that describes something about the "average" score of a distributiion
variance a measure of difference, or spread
standard deviation a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
correlation coefficient describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
inferential statistics numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
Created by: yojava
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