Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PSYC 4309
Exam 1 (Ch 1-4)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Presentism | Evaluating history with reference to modern values and modern knowledge |
| Historicism | Evaluating history with reference to what was known at the time |
| Internal History | What is written occurs entirely WITHIN the discipline of psychology |
| External History | Considers outside influences - influences outside psychology that also influence discipline |
| Zeitgeist | The dominant set of ideals and beliefs that motivate the actions of the members of a society in a particular period in time |
| Personalistic History | Focuses on the accomplishments of individuals, who "make" history |
| Eponyms | Historical periods are identified with reference to the individuals whose actions are believed to be critical in shaping events. |
| Naturalistic History | Focuses on the influence of the times on history |
| Multiple | Two or more individuals independently make the same discovery at about the same time |
| Historiography | To write history |
| Secondary Source | A document that has been published and is typically an analysis or summary of some historical person, event, or period. (books, articles in journals, magazines, encyclopedia, etc.) |
| Primary Source | Relied on most heavily for information - usually found in archives (diaries, records, correspondence, speeches, donated documents, minutes of meetings, etc.) |
| Archive | Holds unpublished information |
| Geocentric | Placed the earth ("geo") at the center of the universe |
| Heliocentric | Placed the sun ("helio") at the center and the earth moved around it |
| Inductive | Scientists must observe nature as it presents itself - SIR FRANCIS BACON |
| Scholastic | Combining the received wisdom of church authority with the careful use of reason - DESCARTES |
| Rationalist | Belief that truth could emerge from the careful use of reason became his modus operandi - DESCARTES |
| Innate Idea | Use our reason to arrive at our knowledge |
| Derived Ideas | Concepts that result from our experiences |
| Nativism | The view that certain skills or abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth |
| Empiricism | The "blank slate" or tabula rasa view, which states that the brain has inborn capabilities for learning from the environment but does not contain content such as innate beliefs |
| Dualist | Clear separation between mind and body |
| Cartesian Dichotomy | Divides humans and animals Animals - simple machines, incapable of reason and language (lacking a mind) Humans - combined a mechanical body with a reasoning mind |
| Mechanist | The body operates like a complicated machine - DESCARTES |
| Interactionist | The mind could have a direct influence on the body and the body could have a direct influence on the mind |
| Reflex | An automatic stimulus-response reaction Provided a physiological model for Descartes's position on the mind-body question |
| Animal Spirits | Derived from the heat of the blood and were driving forces behind movement. Tiny particles in constant motion and were found in the brain, the nerves, and the musles. - DESCARTES |
| Pineal Gland | Where Descartes believed the mind can intervene between sensory stimulus and motor response |
| Associationism | Theory that the mind is composed of elements -- usually referred to as sensations and ideas -- which are organized by means of various associations. original idea = Plato, Aristotle = credit |
| Epistemology | The study of human knowledge and its acquisition |
| Simple Ideas | Resulted from experiencing basic sensory qualities and from making simple reflections |
| Complex Idea | Includes several other ideas, which can be a combination of some and other complex ideas Compounds that can ultimately be reduced to simple ones |
| Atomism | The idea that complexity in nature can be understood by reducing objects to their most basic elements |
| Association | How simple ideas form compound ones. The glue that holds together one's experiences in life. |
| Primary Qualities | Were said to exist as an inherent property of an object. Extension, shape, & motion are examples. Descartes called these innate ideas |
| Secondary Qualities | Not inherent attributes of objects, but depend on perception. Color, smell, warmth, and taste of objects are examples Perceptual experience of the observer |
| Materialism | The only reality is a physical reality, and that every event in the universe involves measurable, material objects in motion in physical space |
| Determinism | The belief that all events have prior causes |
| Convergence | When objects move closer to us or farther away, "we alter the disposition of our eyes, by lessening or widening the interval between the pupils" |
| Accommodation | Changes in the shape of the lens serve to keep objects focused on the retina. Closer objects produce a greater bulging of the lens than objects farther away. |
| Subjective Idealism | "Immaterialism" - Judged on the basis of perception. Experience is the source of all knowledge |
| Impressions | Basic sensations, the raw data of experience |
| Ideas | "Faint copies" of impressions - not as vivid as impressions |
| Resemblance | Object reminds us of another |
| Contiguity | Means experiencing things together |
| Cause and Effect | If one event follows another with some regularity, we will develop an association between the two |
| Parallelism | Considering psychological and physical (physiological) events separately, but operating in parallel - DAVID HARTLEY |
| Spatial Contiguity | Synchronous/Spatial. Near each other physically |
| Temporal Contiguity | Successive/Temporal. Close together in time. |
| Holism | Argues for the primacy of the whole over its constituent elements, that the parts have no meaning without first knowing the whole - (opposite atomism) |
| Method of Agreement | One looks for a common element in several instances of an event ("If X, then Y"). Can both support some hypothesis and call it into question, but it cannot establish cause by itself |
| Method of Difference | One looks for evidence that the absence of an effect is always accompanied by the absence of a proposed cause ("If not X, then not Y") |
| Joint Method | The methods of agreement and difference have the potential for identifying cause, within the limits of induction (i.e., you will never study every case) (X causes Y) |
| Concomitant Variation | One looks to see if changes in X are associated with predictable changes in Y |
| Monads | The elements of both mental and physical reality -LEIBNIZ |
| Apperception | The highest level of awareness, in which we focus our attention on some information, apprehend it fully, and make it personally meaningful |
| Petites Perceptions | Below the level of awareness, but ultimately essential for enabling higher levels of perception to occur |
| Thresholds | Points on the continuum of consciousness where one goes from unawareness to awareness |
| Enlightenment | Science and reason came to be seen as the way to shed light on the darkness of ignorance... "Objective" truth about the universe by applying scientific methodology to its study |
| Newton | Theory of gravitation influenced the British empiricist, who tried to produce a similar analysis of the mind and conceived of association as a force analogous to gravity |
| Bell-Magendie Law | Said that the posterior roots of the spinal cord controlled sensation, whereas anterior roots controlled motor response |
| Specific Energies of Nerves | We do not perceive the world directly, but rather the action of our nervous system. Nerves corresponding to different senses have different "specific energies". Proposed by Bell, Johannes Muller = credit |
| Vitalism | The theory that the origin and phenomena of life are dependent on a force or principle distinct from purely chemical or physical forces. |
| Conservation of Energy | The total energy within a system remains constant, even if changes occur within the system. HELMHOLTZ - principles was an important weapon in the fight against vitalism |
| Opthalmoscope | Device for directly examining the retina |
| Trichromatic Theory | The eye must contain three different kinds of color receptors one for each primary color - red, green, blue/violet Other colors involved combinations of receptors |
| Binocular Vision | BERKELEY - Examined the perception of depth through this operation |
| Resonance Theory | (of hearing) Which proposed that different frequencies of sound were detected by receptors located in different places along the basilar membrane of the cochlea |
| Problem of Perception | Remarkable capabilities to perceive - HELMHOLTZ. Yet design flaws in the system |
| Unconscious Inference | Based on experience - HELMHOLTZ. Consistent with specific energies doctrine. Congenial to British Empiricist thinking. (recall Berkeley) |
| Localization of Function | To what extent do the different structural locations in the brain correspond to different physiological and psychological attributes? |
| Phrenology | Distinct human "faculties" could be identified and located in precisely defined areas of the brain. |
| Phrenology's Five Main Principles: | 1. Brain is the organ of the mind 2. Mind composed of a # of "faculties" 3. Each faculty located in a specific place on the cortex 4. Strength of a faculty reflected in proportional brain size 5. Doctrine of the skull (skull reflects brain contour) |
| Doctrine of the Skull | Key to measurement. If the size and shape of various brain locations reflected the strength of faculties, and if brain shape affected skull shape, then measuring the skull would yield a measurement of faculties |
| Anecdotal Evidence | Specific case examples that support one's theory |
| Ablation | Destroy some portion of brain - FLOURENS Make inferences based on the outcome Showed that specific locations in the brain had functions different from those proposed by phrenologists |
| Clinical Method | An alternative to ablation to study human brain function |
| Motor Aphasia | (expressive) Disorder characterized by an inability to articulate ideas verbally, even though the vocal apparatus is intact and general intelligence is normal - BROCA |
| Sensory Aphasia | Disorder - brain damage to an area of the left temporal lobe of the brain, several centimeters behind BROCA's area |
| Synapse | Greek word meaning "to join together" Space between neurons |
| Reciprocal Innervation | Excitatory and inhibitory action in the nervous system are closely coordinated with each other |
| Temporal Summation | Stimuli separated in time combine to produce a response |
| Spatial Summation | Two or more adjacent points on the skin were stimulated at the same time |
| Psychophysics | The study of the relationship between the perception of a stimulus event ("psycho") and the physical dimensions of the stimulus being perceived ("physics") |
| Apperceptive Mass | Referring to a group of related ideas that are at the forefront of consciousness This concept of threshold is an important one because it requires the existence of a below-threshold unconscious |
| Two-Point Threshold | The point where the perception changes from feeling one point to feeling two of them - WEBER |
| JND | "Just Noticeable Difference" Discrimination between 30 and 33 grams -WEBER |
| Weber's Law | jnd/S = k (weightlifting studies). jnd's were proportional to the size of the smaller weight (not additive). If 30g and 33g are ind, then 60g and 63g will NOT be noticeable different (must be 60g and 66g). |
| Descending Trial (Fechner) | A stimulus is presented that is well above threshold and then gradually reduced in intensity until the subject reports that it can no longer be heard (Method of Limits) |
| Ascending Trial (Fechner) | The stimulus is first presented below threshold, and then increased until the subject hears it for the first time (Method of Limits) |
| Method of Limits (Fechner) | Present stimulus well above threshold, gradually reduce intensity until subject reports no longer hearing it; descending and ascending trials; average of trials = threshold |
| Method of Constant Stimuli (Fechner) | Randomly present sounds of varying intensities; subject indicates which ones are heard |
| Method of Adjustment (Fechner) | Subject directly varies the intensity of the stimulus until it seems to be at threshold |
| Introspection | Distinction between self-observation and internal perception |
| Self-observation | The traditional philosophical attempt to analyze life's experiences through introspective reflection - unsystematic & rely heavily on faulty memory WUNDT REJECTED |
| Internal Perception | Narrower process of responding immediately to precisely controlled stimuli. Could yield valid scientific data only if its results could be replicated |
| Mental Chronometry | Helmholtz' work on the speed of nerve impulse (slower than once thought) gave rise to Wunt's work on _________ - now known as "reaction time" - or mental speed. Mind is seen as an activity - apperception -- not a substance |
| Personal Equation | If astronomer A was regularly 0.12 sec slower than astronomer B, their transit times could be made comparable through a personal equation: A = B + 0.12 second |
| Subtractive Method | This "discrimination reaction time" (DRT) was composed of everything involved in simple reaction time (SRT), plus the mental event of discriminating between the colors. DRT = SRT + discrimination time; discrimination time = DRT - SRT |
| Complication Experiment | CRT = SRT + discrimination time + choice time choice time = CRT - (SRT + discrimination time) choice time = CRT - DRT |
| Voluntarism | To reflect the active nature of the mind |
| Apperception | Perceive an event clearly and have it in the focus of one's attention |
| Nonsense Syllables | (CVCs) three-letter units comprised of two consonants with a vowel in the middle (Ebbinghaus) |
| Serial Learning | Correct recall includes accurately reproducing a set of stimuli in the exact order of their presentation, is well suited for examining associations between a "meaningless series of syllables" |
| Savings Method | An ingenious measure of recall which enabled Ebbinghaus to measure memory after the passage of time, even if, initially, nothing could be recalled after the interval |
| Ecological Memory | Memory for more realistic everyday events rather than for abstract lists |
| Retroactive Inhibition | Interference theory of forgetting. If a 2nd list is learned between the learning of list 1 and the subsequent attempt to relearn list 1, the second list interferes with the relearning of list 1 |
| Memory Drum | Automated the presentation of stimulus material in memory studies |
| Systematic Experimental Introspection | Fractionation, to deal with memory issue (Kulpe) |
| Fractionation | A separation of the task into its components, each of which could be introspected many times |
| Mental Sets | (determining tendency) Discriminating reaction time cannot be equal to simple reaction time plus mental event (discrimination) since there was no reaction time for these instructions |
| Imageless Thought | A close analysis of thought processes reveals that the essential element in all thinking is an image of some form. Judgement was an imageless thought |
| Conscious Attitudes | Other mental processes occurring just before the judgement, and these didn't seem reducible to sensations and images either. Hesitation, doubt, vacillation, etc. |
Created by:
llauhoff
Popular Psychology sets