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Psychology 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology Def. | Scientific study of human behavior & mental processes |
| 4 basic goals of psychology: | 1.) describe 2.) Explain 3.) Predict 4.) control/ influence behavior & mental processes |
| person- situtation: | what extent is behavior caused by internal vs. external processes factor? |
| nature- nurture(heredity-environment) | what is the relative influence of heredity versus environment on thought and behavior? |
| stability-change | are characteristics developed in childhood permanent or can they change over our lives? |
| diversity- universality | does our understanding of human behavior apply equally well to all human beings? |
| mind-body | how are our mind and body connected? |
| Socrates (Greek philosopher) : | Thoughts and feelings are distinct from our bodies |
| Plato(Greek Philosopher) : | Through reasoning we balance our desires with our spirits |
| Aristotle(Greek Philosopher) : | we acquire knowledge through observation and reasoning about what we have observed |
| Rene Descartes (Philosopher of scientific revolution) : | the mind is not subject to laws & that it controls the body |
| John Locke (Philosopher of scientific revolution): | knowledge is gained through experience |
| Thomas Hobbes (Philosopher of scientific revolution): | soul & mind are meaningless; they are simply products of the brain @ work |
| Charles Darwin (Philosopher of scientific revolution): | behavior should serve as the subject of scientific inquiry. Behavior evolves in a manner that contributes to the survival of the species |
| Physiology Def. | branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms (scientific methods could be applied to issues of human behavior and thinking ) |
| Wilhelm Wundt | FOUNDER OF PSYCHOLOGY - published principles of physiological psychology in 1874 -1879 opened 1st psychology research laboratory - emphasized use of experimental methods to study & measure consciousness |
| Edward B. Titchener | -STRUCTURALISM - 1st major school of thought in psychology - trained in introspection |
| Structuralism Def. | study of elements of consciousness (strong use of introspection) Ex: describing an apple in terms of basic perception it invoked (cold, crisp,sweet) |
| William James | FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY - 1890 principles of psychology - Functionalism - had students |
| Functionalism Def. | mental states identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of. How behavior functions allow people & animals to adapt to their environments |
| Sigmund Freud | FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS |
| Psychoanalysis emphasized: | A.) human behavior motivated by unconscious conflicts (almost always sexual or aggressive in nature) B.) past experiences (childhood), critical to the formation of adult personality & behavior |
| Ivan pavlov (behaviorism) | pioneering research on learning contributed to development of behaviorism |
| John B. Watson (Behaviorism) | championed behaviorism, emphasizing study of observable behavior & rejecting study of mental processes |
| B.F Skinner(behaviorism) | strong proponent of behaviorism |
| Humanistic psychology | was the 3rd force in American Psychology - conscious experiences -self determinstion |
| Carl Rodgers (Humanistic Psychology) | founded school of humanistic psychology |
| Abraham Maslow (Humanistic Psychology) | American humanistic psychologist - developed theory of motivation (emphasized psychological growth) |
| Biological Perspective | emphasize study of human (animal) behavior (nervous, endocrine, immune system, & genetics) |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, & interpersonal relationships |
| Behavioral Perspective | how behavior is acquired, modified by environmental causes |
| Humanistic Perspective | motivation of people to grow psychologically (self-concept, self- direction) |
| Postive Perspective | study of positive emotions & psychological states |
| cognitive Perspective | focus on mental processed (process/ remember info, develop language, solve problems, & think) |
| cross-cultural Perspective | differences among cultures & influences of culture on behavior & mental processes |
| individualistic culture: | needs & goals of individuals |
| collective cultures: | needs & goals of group |
| ethnocentrism | use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures |
| Clinical Psychology | doctorate, treat disorders, |
| Psychiatrists | m.d, prescribe drugs |
| Biological Psychology | study of physiological aspects of behavior & mental processes |
| Clinical Psychology | training in evaluating & diagnosing psychological disorders |
| Cognitive Psychology | investigation of reasoning, thinking, problem solving, & memory |
| Counseling Psychology | help cope with personal & interpersonal problems |
| scientific methods, huge impact on history & science: | -Copernicus - Galileo - newton |
| Scientific method Def. | a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence & in drawing conclusions |
| Step 1 S.M | Formulate a testable hypothesis |
| Hypothesis Def. | tentative statement that describes relationship between 2 or more variables |
| Variable Def. | factors that can vary or change in ways that can be observed measured and verified |
| Operational Def. | defines the variable in terms of how the factor is to be measured manipulated or changed |
| Step 2 S.M | Design the study and collect data |
| Descriptive methods Def. | research strategies for observing & describing that behavior |
| Experimental method is... | used to show that changing one variable causes change in a second variable (remanipulating) |
| Step 3 S.M | Analyze the data & draw conclusions |
| Statistics Def. | mathematical methods used to summarize analyze, & draw conclusions about the data researchers collect |
| Significant Vs. Non-significant | Found affect,, above chance & did no find an affect |
| Step 4 S.M | Report the findings, present findings |
| replication importance | Follow from step 1 to end |
| S.M Psychologists... | are guided by these scientific assumptions; -events are lawful -events are explainable |
| psychologists are... | open minded but they have a healthy sense of scientific skepticism |
| s.m in psy- problem: | identify problem - collect info - form hypothesis |
| S.M IN PSY procedure: | test hypothesis - experimental deign observations & data -make observations -assemble tables & graph conclusion -support/ reject hypothesis - report & publish results |
| S.M an approach to knowledge which: | - relies on COLLECTING DATA - generates theory to explain data - produces testable hypothesis based on theory -tests those hypothesis empirically |
| Theory: | -systematic explanation of phenomenon - organize known facts - allow prediction of new facts -permits degree of control over the phenomenon - we an SUPPORT a theory |
| Hypotheses: | -specific testable predictions derived from a theory - We CANNOT prove a hypothesis; we call SUPPORT IT |
| Pseudoscience Def. | a theory, method, or practice that promotes claims in a way that appears to be scientific & plausible even through supporting empirical evidence is lacking or nonexsiting |
| Survey Research... | indicates pseudoscientific beliefs are common among general public |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 1 | testimonials rather than scientific evidence |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 2 | using complicated words |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 3 | combining scientific knowledge with unfounded claims |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- strategy 4 | irrefutable or non falsifiable claims |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 5 | confirmation bias |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 6 | shifting the burden proof |
| Stategies of pseudoscience- Strategy 7 | multiple outs |
| Research- Naturalistic observation | - observing & recording behavior of humans or animals in their environments -can be used wherever patterns of behavior can be openly observed |
| Research- Surveys | research technique in which questionnaires or interviews are administered to a SELECTED GROUP OF PEOPLE |
| Sample survey Def. | select segment of the larger group or population being studied |
| Representative Sample survey Def. | sample very closely parallels the larger group on revenant characteristics (ex: age, race, sex, marital status, & educational level) |
| Research- Correlation | examines how strongly 2 variables are related, or assisted with each other |
| Research- Experimental | a researcher deliberately manipulates selected events or circumstances & then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior (Random assignment) |
| independent variable | one condition you can change |
| Dependent variable | variable that you measure or observe |
| experimental method includes: | -experimental group -control group (no change) -placebo effect |
| sample... | subgroup of population |
| random sample... | sample in which each potential participant has EQUAL chance of being selected |
| Representative sample... | sample in which characteristics of participants correspond closely to characteristics of larger population |
| Double-blind Technique | researcher and participant are unaware of situations |
| single-blind Technique | Participant is unaware os situations |
| Biological psychology (biopsychology/ psychobiology) Def. | scientific study of the biological bases of behavior & mental processes |
| neuroscience Def. | scientific study of the nervous system |
| nervous system def. | complex network of cells that carry information to & from all parts of the body |
| neurons Def. | nerve cells, individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system |
| 3 basic types of neurons: | -sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), Interneurons (association neuron) |
| Sensory ( Afferent) | neurons convey info from specialized receptor cells in the SENSE ORGANS the skin,internal organs to the spinal cord & brain |
| Motor ( Efferent) | neurons communicate information form the brain or spinal cord to the muscles & glands of the body |
| Interneurons (association neurons) | communicate information between neurons, they are the most common type of neuron found in the human nervous system |
| Parts of the neuron: 3 basic components of neurons: | the cell body (soma) -dendrites -axon |
| The cell body(soma) | contains the NUCLEUS, which provides energy for the neuron to carry out its function |
| Dendrites | short, branching fibers extending out from the cell body that receive information from other neurons or specialized cells |
| Axon | single elongated tube that extends from the cell body & carries information from the neuron to other neurons, glands & muscles ( vary in length from a few thousands of an inch to about 4 ft) |
| myelin sheath | insulates & projects the axons of the neurons that travel in the body. Myelin Sheaths also SPEEDS UP the neural message |
| a neuron contains charged particles called ions... | -cations -anions |
| when at rest the neuron... | is negatively charged on the inside & positively charged on the outside (the resting potential) @ this point the neuron is in a state of polarization |
| Depolarization | reserves the charge by allowing IH sodium ions to enter the cell |
| action potential(neural impulse) | sequence of electrical charges moving down the cell |
| neurons fire in | an all-or-none manner |
| synaptic space (synaptic cleft) | tiny gap between axon terminal of one neuron & dendrites or cell body of the next neuron |
| synapse | area composed of axon terminal of one neuron, synaptic space, & dendrite or cell body of next neuron |
| Terminal button(synaptic knob) | structure @ the end of axon terminal branch |
| receptor sites | locations on receptor neuron into which specific neurotransmitter fits like key into lock |
| synaptic vesicles | tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into synapse |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals released by synaptic vesicles that travel across synaptic space & affect adjacent neurons |
| when the nervous impulse travels down to the... | AXON TERMINAL, it causes the synaptic vessels in the terminal buttons to release chemicals into the synaptic cleft |
| neurotransmitters fit into... | SPECIFIC RECEPTOR SITES on the next cell in block & key manner, stimulating or inhibiting that cells firing |
| after they detach from the... | RECEPTOR SITE, most neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into they synaptic vesicles in a process called reuptake or they break down & recycled or disposed of as waste |
| cells of nervous system | -sensory neurons (afferents) - interneurons (association) -motor neuron (efferents) -glia - mirror neurons |
| Glia cells Def. | -support cells of N.S |
| Functions of Glia: | - holding neurons in place -provide nourishment -remove waste product -blood brain barrier -myelin sheath production |
| mirror neurons | involved in mimicking the behavior of others -special brain cells that fire only when we perform a motor action but also when we see someone else perform the same action |
| Nervous system | -fast acting control system - -respond to internal & external change - activates muscle & glands |
Created by:
absantillan
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