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Fallacies
Fallacies in Reasoning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| False Dilemma | occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities |
| Appeal to Ignorance | occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa |
| Slippery Slope | occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn |
| Complex Question | occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to either accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not |
| Appeal to Force | occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue |
| Appeal to Pity | occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning |
| Appeal to Consequences | occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false |
| Bandwagon | occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks |
| Attacking the Person | occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument |
| Appeal to Authority | occurs when the argument quotes an expert who is not qualified in the particular subject matter |
| Anonymous Authority | the authority in question is not mentioned or named |
| Hasty Generalization | occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population |
| False Analogy | occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways |
| Accident | occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception to the rule |
| Post Hoc | occurs when the arguer claims that since event A happened before B, A is the cause of B |
| Wrong Direction | occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed |
| Complex Cause | occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event |
| Irrelevant Conclusion | occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead |
| Straw Man | occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute |
| Affirming the Consequent | any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; if B is true, therefore A is true |
| Denying the Antecedent | any argument of the form: If A is true then B is true; If A is not true, then B is not true |
| Inconsistency | occurs when arguments contradict one another |
Created by:
ladymacbeth1027
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