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CLP CH5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Major Depressive Disorder | Sad mood OR loss of pleasure (anhedonia) in usual activities. At least 5 symptoms (counting sad mood and loss of pleasure) Symptoms present nearly every day or most of the day for at least 2 weeks. |
| MDD: Episodic | symptoms tend to dissipate over time |
| MDD: Recurrent | Once depression occurs, future episodes likely |
| MDD: subclinical depression | Sadness plus 3 other symptoms for 10 days Significant impairments in functioning even thought full diagnostic criteria are not met |
| MDD: Gender differences | women are twice as likely as men to experience depression |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | Experiences depression during two consecutive winters and symptoms clear during the summer Related to changes in levels of melatonin |
| What factors contribute to onset of mood disorders? | Neurobiological factors Psychosocial factors |
| Overactivity of HPA axis | Triggers release of cortisol, stress hormone |
| Findings that link depression to high cortisol levels | Cushing’s syndrome Causes oversecretion of cortisol Symptoms include those of depression |
| Neuroticism | Tendency to react with higher levels of negative affect predicts onset of depression |
| Negative triad | negative view of self, world, future |
| Negative schema | underlying tendency to see the world negatively |
| Negative schema cause cognitive biases | tendency to process information in negative ways |
| Hopelessness Theory | Most important trigger of depression is hopelessness Desirable outcomes will not occur Person has no ability to change situation |
| Attributional Style | The explanations a person forms about why a stressor has occurred |
| Rumination Theory | A specific way of thinking: tendency to repetitively dwell on sad thoughts (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991) |
| Triggers of depressive episodes | Negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, expressed emotion, and lack of social support |
| Predictors of Mania | Reward sensitivity Sleep disruption |
| Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) | Short-term psychodynamic therapy Focus on current relationships |
| Cognitive therapy | Monitor and identify automatic thoughts Replace negative thoughts with more neutral or positive thoughts |
| Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | Strategies, including meditation, to prevent relapse |
| Behavioral activation (BA) therapy | Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt spiral of depression, withdrawal, and avoidance |
| Behavioral couples therapy | Enhance communication and satisfaction |
| Psychoeducational approaches | Provide information about symptoms, course, triggers, and treatments |
| Cognitive Therapy (CT) | Draws on same techniques that are used in Major Depressive Disorder |
| Family-focused treatment (FFT) | Educate family about disorder, enhance family communication, improve problem solving |
| STAR-D | Attempted to evaluate effectiveness of antidepressants in real-world settings |
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