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rows Terms
Terminology Associated with Pharmacology
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| drug | chemical used for the treatment or diagnosis of disease |
| controlled substance | drugs with a higher potential of abuse |
| legend drug | prescription drug |
| OTC | over the counter |
| generic name | official drug tha can be used by any manufacture |
| brand name | name of a drug that is oned by one manufacture |
| trade name | name of a drug that belongs to a manufacture |
| therapeutic class | group of drugs with the same mechanism of action |
| indications | list of uses for the drug |
| interactions | list of meds, foods, ect.. that might affect the drug |
| contraindications | list of conditions or meds that might prevent the use of a drug |
| precautions | list of conditions that will require you to use special care when given a drug |
| side effects | all the drugs effects except the desired one |
| adverse effects | potential harmful effects of a drug |
| pharmacology | study of drugs |
| pharmacokinetics | study of what happens to a drug after it's administered |
| absorption | getting the drug ito the blood |
| distribution | describes where the drug goes from the blood |
| trasformation | chemical changes made to the drug once in the body |
| elimination | removal of the drug from the body |
| pharmcotherapeutics | study of the effects the ha on a person |
| therapeutic range | sae and effective blood levels for a drug |
| loading dose | high dose of drug given to ge the person into the therapeutic range |
| maintenance dose | a dose given to keep the person in therapeutic range |
| oral | swallowed drugs |
| homeostasis | the ability of living things to keep their internal condition relatively stable |
| health | being able to maintain homeostasis |
| diease | a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis |
| etiology | cause of the disease |
| congenital | present at bith |
| idiopathic | disease with a cause that is not completely understood |
| signs | evidence of a disease tha can be seen or measured |
| symptoms | evidence of a disease that cannot be seen or measured |
| pathogenesis | a discription of the various stages of the disease |
| acute | disease that develops rapidly |
| chronic | disease lasting 3 months or longer |
| prognosis | a prediction of the likely outcome of a disease |
| formulary | list of medictions kept on hand or covered by insurance |
| protocol | set of standard procedures |
| narcotic | drugs that dull the senses and cause drowsiness |
| ethics | the values, morals, and standards of a profession |
| NKDA | no known drug allergies |
| NKA | no known allergies |
| aseptic technique | procedures followed to minimize the risk of contamination |
| PRN | latin for "as needed" |
| floor stock | meds kept on hand by different units of the hospital |
| sig | abbreviated form of the instructions for taking a med |
| auxilliary label | stickers placed on vials containing warnings or other information for the patient |
| CCU | coronary car unit |
| ICU | intensive care unit |
| OB/GYN | obstetrics/gynecology-unit that takes care of expectant mothers |
| Oncology | unit that takes care of cancer patients |
| Ortho | orthopedics-unit that takes care of patients who may need treatment or surger on bones and joints |
| NICU | neonatal intensive care unit |
| receptor | protein found in or on a cell that recieves chmical messenges |
| agonist | drug that stimulates receptors in the body |
| antagonist | drug that blocks receptors from being stimulated within the body |
| enzyme | proteins that cause chemical reactions within the body |
| inhibitor | slows down the actio of the enzyme |
| antidepressants | psychiatric drug used to alleviat major depression or dysthymia. They increase norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine chemicals of the brain, which elevates mood. |
| anxiolytic | drug prescribed for the treatment of anxiety |
| bipolar disorder | depressive psychosis; alternating between excessive phases of mania and depression |
| depession | mental state characterized by sadness, feelings of loss and grief, and loss of appetite |
| dyskinesia | refers to involuntary movements |
| extrapyramidal effects | neural network located in the brain that is part o the motor system involved in the coordination of movement |
| hypnotic | drugs that affect the central nervous system causing sleep. Commonly used prior or during surgery |
| mania | form of psychosis characterized by excessive excitement, elevated mood, and exalted feelings |
| neurolepic | another name for antipsychotic drugs that sedate the patient and produce a calming effect lessening anxiety and depression |
| neuroses | mental illness arising from stress or anxiety without loosing contact with reality |
| photophobia | an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or bright light |
| photosensitivity | a allergic reaction caused from sunlight |
| psychoses | mental condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality |
| psychotropic drug | chemical substance that acts primarily on the CNS altering brain function, resulting in temproary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior |
| sedative | used to relax and ease a nervous or irritated person by producing a soothing effect. Commonly used prior to surgery |
| tardive dyskinesia | unwanted side effects of taking phenothiazines that inclue slow, rhythmical involuntary movements that are generalized o specific to a muscle group |
| Chemical name | describes the structure of the drug |
| Addison's disease | reduction of adrenocortical hormonessymptoms include hyperpigmentation of the skin, decreased sodium and increased potassium level; occurs in the adrenal cortex (outside) |
| autoimmunity | a group of disorders that occur when the immune system damages normal tissues and organs in the body |
| cretinism | congenital disorder caused by hypothyroidismaffects mostly children causing severe mental impairment and physical growth and developmentlack of thyroid hormone which in turn causes a lack of iodine |
| Cushing's disease | over activity of the adrenal cortex with overproduction of cortisone that include such symptoms as accumulation of fluid and fat deposits resulting in “moon face” and “buffalo hump” |
| goiter | condition in which the thyroid gland is enlarged because of a lack of iodine |
| diabetes mellitus | a disease that affects the patients ability to use glucose; can be caused by a decrease in the production of insulin or a decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors |
| Grave's disease | over production of thyroid hormone which leads to hyperthyroidism and goiter; symptoms include protruding eyes, weight loss, and elevated body temp |
| hypocalcemia / hypecalcemia | hypercalcemia - unusually high concentration of calcium in the bloodhypocalcemia - low concentration of calcium in the blood |
| gestational diabetes | a form of diabetes that appears during pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery; it can predispose the mother to later type 2 diabetes; occurs from the pancreas |
| hypoglycemia / hyperglycemia | hypoglycemia - abnormally low glucose content circulating in the blood stream (Type 1)hyperglycemia - abnormally high glucose content circulating in the blood stream (Type 2)caused from the pancreas |
| myxedema | condition associated with a decrease in overall thyroid function in adults, also known as hypothyroidism; symptoms include loss of energy, sensitivity to cold, and thickening of the skin. |
| osteoporosis | condition associated with the decrease of bone mass and softening of bones, resulting in the increased possibility of bone fracturescaused from a decrease of estrogen from the ovaries |
| Paget's disease | condition that affects older adults in which the density of the bones decreases resulting in the softening and weakening of bonesoccurs from the parathyroid |
| pheochromocytoma | cancer of the adrenal medulla that causes over production of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| type 1 diabetes | diabetes that is insulin dependent and occurs due to destruction of insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas. Family history is the number on risk factor. |
| type 2 diabetes | most common type of diabetes, due to the increase of obesity; patients with this type of diabetes are sometimes called “insulin resistant” because their insulin receptors are less sensitive to insulin. |
| NT (neurotransmitter) | chemical messengersaffect cells with receptorsspread by diffusionmade/released by neuronsreleased into the synaptic cleftaffect nearby cells only |
| hormones | chemical messengersaffect cells with receptorsspread by diffusionmade/released by glandsreleased into the bloodcan affect all parts of the body |
| Non-permeable Hormones | bind to receptors on the cell surfacewhen hormone binds to receptor a “second message” is produced inside the cell; second messenger causes things to be activated in the cell (insulin: example) |
| Permeable Hormones | bind to receptors inside of the cellno second message is neededgenes in the cell are activated |
| hypothalamus | involved in controlling other glands of the bodyworks together with the pituitary gland |
| pituitary | considered the master gland because of it’s role in controlling other glandsworks together with the hypothalamus |
| parathyroid-(parathormone) | parathormone also called parathyroid hormonecontrols calcium Ca homeostasis (balance) |
| testes-(testosterone) | allows development of spermcauses the physical changes of puberty |
| pineal-(melatonin) | regulates sleep-wake cyclein darkness melatonin raisesin daylight melatonin breaks downaffects seasonal and daily patterns |
| thyroid-(thyroid hormone) | Tз-triiodothyronine; Tч-thyroxine-controls metabolic ratecalcitonin-works with the parathyroid |
| adrenal | adrenal medulla-inner layer of the adrenal glandproduces adrenalin-epinephrineadrenal cortex-outer layer of the adrenal glandproduces cortisoneinvolved with stress hormones |
| pancreas | controls glucose homeostasis (balance)produces insulin-which allows for usage and storage of glucoseproduces glucagon-which allows for making or taking from storage |
| ovaries | produces estrogen-allows for physical changes in pubertyproduces progesterone-which is the pregnancy hormone needed after ovulation and for the uterus lining; also affects mood |
| cholinergic agonists-stimulates receptors | imitate acetylcholine; stimulates muscles; increase digestive system; increase in secretions |
| cholinergic antagonists-block receptors | decrease GI tract; decrease muscle; decrease secretions, decrease bladder tone |
| adrenergic | deals with adrenaline (epinephrine or norepinephrine); alpha adrenergic receptors found on blood vesels |
| alpha adrenergic agonists | cause you to vasoconstrict; used to raise blood pressure; stimulate epinephrine or norepinephrine on blood vessels |
| alpha adrenergic antagonists | blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on blood vessels; used to lower blood pressure |
| beta 1 adrenergic agonists | stimulates the heart; makes it beat faster; mostly used in emergency situations; found in the heart |
| beta 2 adrenergic agonists | opens airways-bronchodilators; found in the lungs |
| beta 1 adrenergic antagonists | blocks adrenaline receptors in the heart; referred to as beta blockers; slows heart and decreases blood pressure |
| beta 2 adrenergic antagonists | blocks adrenaline in the lungs; closes airways; no use nor made |
| nerve | nervous tissue connecting the CNS to the body |
| neuron | single nerve cell that carries nerve impulses; makes and releases neurotransmitters (NT) |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves and receptors throughout the body |
| motor | refers to nerves going to our voluntary muscles |
| sensory | refers to nerves from receptors to the CNS |
| sympathetic | fight or flight branch of the nervous system; concerned with short term survival in threating or stressful situations |
| parasympathetic | concerned with long term survival; rest and digest branch of the nervous system |
| spinal nerves | nerves connected to the spine; there are 31 pair |
| cervical | upper part of the spine; neck area; helps control breathing |
| thoracic | chest area |
| lumbar | lower back |
| sacral | bottom of the spine |
| coccygeal | one pair at the end near tailbone |
| cranial nerves | connected to the brain; there are 12 pair |
| antitussives | cough suppressants that work on the upper respiratory system |
| decongestant | decreases muscous production of the upper respiratory system |
| mucolytic | chemically breaks down musous |
| bronchodilator | relaxes muscles in the the bronchioles |
| MDI | metered dose inhaler |
| expectorant | helps to thin mucous |
| intrinsic | comes from within the body ex.stress |
| extrinsic | comes from outside the body ex.dust, pollen, pets |
| Upper respiratory structures | include: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea |
| Lower respiratory structures | include: bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli |
| Pulmonary ventilation | is the breathing or changing of pressure, differences in pressure moves air, the diaphragm is used to move pressure |
| accommodation | the necessary change in the lens to adjust to incoming images |
| cataract | clouding of the lens of the eye which prevents incoming light from reaching the retina. can lead to impaired vision and blindness |
| cerumen | waxy substance produced by glands at the tympanic membrane |
| conjunctivitis | acute inflammation of the conjunctiva; also know as pink eye |
| cornea | transparent cover that allows light into the eye for visual acuity |
| glaucoma | condition of the eye where the pressure withing the eye is higher than normal |
| miosis | constriction of the pupil |
| miotics | drugs used prior to surgery for persons with angle-closure glaucoma. they reduce intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye |
| mydriasis | dilation of the eye allowing more light in |
| myopia | nearshightedness |
| otitis media | infection of the middle ear often associated with inflammation of the eustachian tube |
| xerophthalmia | abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva of the eye and the corneas |
| absorption | moving nutrient from the digestive system into the blood |
| digestion | changing nutrients into something that can be absorbed |
| emesis | vomiting |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus |
| peristalsis | series of contractions through the digestive tract to move food through the tract. starts in the esophagus |
| ulcer | lesion on the surface of something; wearing away of the protective layer |
| ileitis | inflammation of the ileum (small intestine) |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon (large intestine) |
| antispasmodic | drugs that decrease peristalsis and secrections of the digestive tract |
| gastropareses | paralysis of the stomach (no stomach reflux) |
| peptic ulcer | ulcer caused by stomach secretions; can happen in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum |
| Stomach | dissolves; secretes acid, pepsin & mucous; acid is needed to make pepsin active; pepsin helps to diges protiet; mucous protects the stomach |
| duodenm | mostof digestion occurs; secretes bile, enzymes, and bicarb; bile and enzymes help to diget; bicarb neutralizes the acids from the stomach |
| jejunum | absorbs nutrients |
| ileum and colon | absorbs the liquid |
| antidiarrheals | drugs that slow down peristalsis ex. lomotil & Imodium; drugs that protect the linning of the GI tract from being irritated ex. Pepto bimal; absorbants-absorb liquid ex. Kaopectate |
| laxatives | rapid active-releaves constipation or prepare for colonoscopy |
| emetics | causes vomiting |
| antacids | chemicals that neutralize acis by changing acids to water and salt |
Created by:
jmrowley
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