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Psychology Review

Theories, Key terms, and People

QuestionAnswer
387 B.C.E. believed in innate ideas, said that the brain was the seat of mental process. Plato
335 B.C.E. denied the existence of innate ideas, said that the heart was the seat of mental process. Aristotle
1879, established the first psychology laboratory. Wilhelm Wundt
Studied the minds structure through introspection. Founded the structuralism branch of psychology. Edward Bradford Titchener
Studied the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. Influenced by Charles Darwin. Wrote the first Psychology textbook. Founded the functionalism branch of psychology. William James
1905, First woman to become the president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Mary Whiton Calkins
The first woman to receive a Ph. D. Margaret Floy Washburn
1920-1960, Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as, "the scientific study of observable behavior." Founded a group called behaviorists. (2 people) John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner
Said unconscious thought process and emotional responses are tied to childhood experiences. Sigmund Freud
Studied how our environment can nurture or limit growth potential. Founded humanistic psychology. (2 people) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Cognitive Neuroscience The understanding of brain activity (perceiving, processing, and remembering) underlying mental processes (emotions, motives, etc.)
Neuroscience Perspective Focuses on how body and brain activity enables emotions, memories, and experiences.
Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on how traits have promoted the survival of genes.
Behavior Genetics Perspective Focuses on how our genes and environment influence us.
Psychodynamic Perspective Focuses on how our behavior springs from our unconscious.
Behavioral Perspective Focuses on observable responses.
Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how the brain encodes, process, stores, and retrieves data.
Social-cultural Perspective Focuses on how behavior varies across cultures and environments.
Basic Research Builds onto psychology's knowledge base.
Applied Research Uses psychology to tackle practical problems.
Counseling Psychology Assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) to achieve greater well-being.
Clinical Psychology Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry Helps people with mental disorders through medical drugs and treatment.
Positive Psychology Studies human functioning to promote strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
Community Psychology Studies how people interact with their social environments.
The Testing Effect Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Henry Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke.
The SQ3R Study Method Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
Hindsight Bias The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
Overconfidence The tendency to think that you know more than you do.
Scientific Attitudes Curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
Case Study Studying one person in depth in a hope to discover universal principles.
Somatic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System Controls glands and muscles of internal organs. Can be sometimes be overridden consciously, but mainly operates autonomously.
Sympathetic Nervous System Arouses and expends energy. (Fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System Conserves energy, decreases heartbeat, lowers blood sugar. (Sleepy)
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Amplifies the electrical readout of brain activity.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A magnetic field aligns spinning brain molecules. A radio-wave pulse momentarily disorients the atoms. When they become re-aligned they emit a signal that provide a detailed image of soft tissues, including the brain.
Functional MRI Reveals the brains functioning as well as structure. Using MRIs taken a second apart they can watch blood flow and activity.
Brainstem The oldest part of the brain, which includes the medulla that controls heartbeat and breathing.
Thalamus The brain's sensory switchboard that receives information from the senses except smell, to than route them to higher brain functions.
Reticular Formation A nerve network that runs up the spinal cord that controls arousal.
Cerebellum The "little brain" that enables nonverbal learning and memory. This includes judging time, modulating emotions, and discriminating sounds and textures.
Limbic System Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Controls emotions and drives.
Amygdala Controls fear and aggression.
Hypothalamus Governs bodily maintenance. Controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior.
Cerebral Cortex A thin layer of interconnected nerves that cover the cerebral hemisphere. This is the brains ultimate information processing center.
Glial Cells Provide nourishment to neurons by cleaning up neurotransmitters and protect by creating myelin sheaths.
Frontal Lobes Part of the cerebral cortex, located just behind your forehead. They control speaking, muscle movement, making plans, and judgements.
Parietal Lobes Part of the cerebral cortex, located at the top of the brain and toward the rear. Controls sensory input from touch and body position.
Occipital Lobes Part of the cerebral cortex, located at the back of the brain. Controls sensory information from the visual fields.
Temporal Lobes Part of the cerebral cortex, located roughly above the ears. Controls auditory information obtained from the opposite ear.
Motor Cortex An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Sensory Cortex An area in front of the parietal lobes that processes body touch and movement.
Association Areas Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
Plasticity The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, to reorganize by building new pathways.
Neurogenesis The formation of new neurons.
Corpus Callosum The large band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres by relaying messages between them.
Dual Processing The idea that information is processed simultaneously on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
Blindsight A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Cocktail Party Effect The ability to attend one voice among many.
Alpha Waves The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awakened state.
Delta Waves Large and slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
NREM Sleep Levels NREM-1 (Dreaming), NREM-2 (Sleep Spindles), NREM-3 (Night Terrors)
Insomnia Problem falling asleep or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.
Sleep Apnea A condition that causes a person to stop breathing intermittently stop breathing during sleep.
Manifest Content The apparent and remembered story line of a dream that symbolizes latent content.
Latent Content Unconscious drives that would be threatening if expressed directly.
Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud's book that talked about manifest content and latent content.
Dissociation A split consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
Depressants Drugs like alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions.
Stimulant Drugs like cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, meth, and ecstasy. Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions.
Hallucinogens Drugs like LSD, ecstasy, and marijuana. Distorts perceptions and invokes sensory images.
Created by: evanmatt
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