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Science Chpt. 16
Thermal Energy and Heat
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is heat? | the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a temperature difference |
| How does heat flow? | Spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects |
| What is temperature? | A measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point. |
| What is temperature related to? | The average kinetic energy of the particles in an object due to their random motions through space. |
| What is thermal energy? | The total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object |
| What does thermal energy depend on? | The mass, temperature, and phase of an object |
| What is Thermal Expansion? | the increase in volume of a material due to a temperature increase |
| Why does thermal expansion occur? | Because particles of matter tend to move farther apart as temperature increases |
| What is specific heat? | the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a material by one degree Celsius. |
| The lower a material's specific heat, the more its temperature increeases when heat is...? | absorbed |
| Specific heat of water is | 4.18 |
| Specific heat of plastic (polypropylene) is | 1.84-2.09 |
| Specific heat of air is | 1.01 |
| Specific heat of iron is | 0.449 |
| Specific heat of silver is | 0.235 |
| The heat (Q) absorbed by a material equals... | The product of the mass (m), the specific heat (c), and the change in temperature (delta T). |
| What is a calorimeter? | An instrument used to measure changes in thermal energy |
| What principal does a calorimeter use? | That heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object until both reach the same temperature |
| Can absolute zero be reached? | NO |
| What is conduction? | the transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter |
| Conduction in gases is slower than in liquids and solids because why? | Because the particles in a gas collide less often. |
| What is a thermal conductor? | A material that conducts thermal energy well |
| What is a thermal insulator? | A material that conducts thermal energy poorly |
| What is convection? | the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another |
| when does a convection current occur? | When a fluid circulates in a loop as it alternately heats up and cools down |
| Convection currents are important in many naturcal cycles such as what? | ocean currents, weather systems, and movements of hot rock in Earth's interior |
| What is radiation? | the transfer of energy by waves moving through space |
| All objects radiate what? | Energy |
| As an object's temperature increases, the rate at which it radiates energy does what? | Increases |
| What is thermodynamics? | The study of conversions between thermal energy and other forms of energy |
| What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state? | That energy is conserved |
| What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state? | That thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects only if work is done on the system. |
| What is a heat engine? | Any device that converts heat into work |
| What is waste heat? | Thermal energy that is not converted into work |
| What does ther Third Law of Thermodynamics state? | That absolute zero cannot be reached |
| What is equivalent to 0 Kelvins? | absolute zero |
| What are the two main types of heat engines? | The external combustion engine and the internal combustion engine |
| What is a external combustion engine? | an engine that burns fuel outside the engine |
| What is a steam engine an example of? | An external combustion engine |
| What is an internal combustion engine? | A heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine |
| What does a central heating system do? | It heats many rooms from one central location |
| What are the commonly used energy sources for central heating systems? | electrical energy, natural gas, oil, and coal |
| What do most heating systems use to distrubute thermal energy? | Convection |
| What is a heat pump? | a device that reverses the normal flow of thermal energy |
| What is a refrigerant? | a fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump |
| Heat pumps must do work on a refrigerant in order to do what? | Reverse the normal flow of thermal energy |
| What are the forms of Heating systems? | Hot-Water, Steam, Electric Baseboard, and Forced-Air Heating |
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12vkaulins
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