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Problem Solving
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Problems of Inducing Structure | Type of problem in which one must discover relations among parts of problem |
| Problems of Arrangement | Type of problem in which one must arrange parts in way that satisfies criteria |
| Problems of Transformation | Type of problem in which one must carry out series of transformations in order to reach specific goal |
| Functional Fixedness | Tendency to perceive item only in terms of its most common use |
| Mental Set | People persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past |
| Trial and Error | Trying possible solutions and discarding those in error until one works. |
| Algorithm | Step by step procedure that guarantees a solution |
| Heuristics | Simple strategies to help solve problems |
| Insight | When people suddenly discover the correct solution to problem after struggling with it for a while |
| Insight learning | It comes without real world trial and error / observation, just comes to you |
| Confirmation Bias | Eagerness to search for info conforming to one's own ideas |
| Belief Perseverance | Tendency to hang on to beliefs in face of contradictory evidence |
| Prototype | The best representative of a concept |
| Representativeness Heuristic | When one judges likelihood of things in terms of how well they fit in particular prototype |
| Availability Heuristic | Basing probability on ease at which relevant instances come to mind |
| Framing | How issues are posted or structured, even when they are the same. |
| Gambler's Fallacy | Belief that odds of chance event increase if the event hasn't happened recently like flipping coin |
| Compensatory Decision Model | Type of additive strategy allowing attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes, like giving positive for attractive attributes. |
| Noncompensatory Decision Model | Type of additive strategy not allowing attractive attributes to compensate for negatives, like college choosing. |
| Elimination by aspects | When one continues to eliminate alternatives until one choice is left, like when buying a car. |
| Overconfidence effect | Overestimating the accuracy of answer |
| Conjunction Fallacy | Tendency to believe odds of two uncertain events happening together greater than odds of either event happening alone |
| Subjective utility | What an outcome is personally worth to an individual |
| Subjective probability | When people go by own estimates because people often don't know real probability |
| Deductive reasoning | When going from general to specific |
| Inductive reasoning | When going from specific to general |
| Cognitive map | Mental picture or image of the layout of one's physical environment. |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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