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Social Psychology
social Identity theory, attribution theory, prejudice and discrimination etc.
| Topic | Information |
|---|---|
| Social Identity Theory | a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s) |
| Henri Tajfel | founded social identity theory, proposed that groups (social class, family, foot ball team etc.) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self esteem |
| what do groups give us? | a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world |
| social categorization | divide the world into "them" and "us" (put ppl. into social groups). This is known as the in-group (us) and the out-group (them). |
| An in-group will discriminate against an out group to: | enhance their self image by finding negative aspects of the out-group |
| Stereotyping | putting people into groups and categories |
| Tajfel's ideas on stereotyping: | stereotyping is based on a normal cognitive process: the tendency to group things together |
| when stereotyping we tend to exaggerate: | -the differences b/w groups and the similarities of things in the same group |
| Categorize people | we see the group we belong to (the in-group) as being different from the others (the out-group), and members of the same group as being more similar than they are |
| social categorization is one explanation for | prejudice attitudes... which leads to in-groups and out-groups |
| Advantage of stereotyping | enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we may have had a similar experience before |
| Disadvantage of stereotyping | makes us ignore the differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true (make generalizations) |
| Attribution theory deals with | how the social perceive uses info to arrive at a causal explanations for events. how and why ordinary people explain events as they do |
| Internal attribution | The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic; rather than to outside forces. when we explain behavior we look for enduring internal attributes, such as personality traits. (personality, motives, and beliefs) |
| External Attribution | the process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or even outside a persons control rather than to some internal characteristic. (situational or environmental features) |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | our tendency to explain someones behavior based on internal factors (character/personality disposition), and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another persons behavior. |
| Attitude | relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events, or symbols |
| 3 components of the structure of attitude ABC Model | affective components, behavioral component, cognitive component |
| Affective Component | a persons feelings or emotions about the attitude object. (I am afraid of spiders) |
| Behavioral Component | the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave (I will avoid spiders and scream if I see one) |
| Cognitive Component | a persons belief or knowledge about an attitude object (I believe spiders are dangerous) |
| Principle of consistency | It reflects the idea that people are rational and attempt to behave rationally at all times and that a person's behavior should be consistent with their attitudes. people do not always follow this principle... smoking while knowing it causes cancer |
| Attitude strength | -the strength an attitude is held is a good predictor of behavior -stronger the attitude the more likely it should affect behavior |
| Attitude strength involves: | importance or personal relevance, referring to how significant an attitude is for the person and relates to self-interest, social identification, and value |
| Attitudes of high self interest | -related to a persons values... relate to their lives -held by a member of a group the person is a member of -will be extremely important-- strong influence on behaviour |
| attitudes based on direct experiences | more strongly held and will influence behavior more than indirect experiences (hear-say, reading, tv) |
| Explicit attutudes | conscious level, deliberately formed, easy to self report |
| Implicit attitudes | unconscious level, involuntarily formed, typically unknown |
| Prejudice | inflexible, irrational attitudes and opinions held by members of one group about another. having preconceived beliefs about groups/cultural practices. can be positive or negative. difficult to alter. |
| Discrimination | behaviors directed against another group... negative form of prejudice. do so to protect opportunities for themselves by denying access to those who they believe dont deserve it |
| Socialization | prejudices passed from parents to children, the media (tv, movies, advertising)- perpetuate demeaning images and stereotypes about groups |
| Authoritarian Personality | ppl are prone to stereotypical thinking / projection based on unconscious fears. Rigidly conform, submit w/out question, reject inferiors, express intolerant sexual / religious opinions. roots in parents who are unloving disciplinarians |
| Ethnocentrism | tendency to evaluate others cultures by ones own cultural norms and values. suspicion of outsiders. involve stereotypical thinking |
| Conflict theory | in order to hold onto social status/power privileged groups want to competition... resort to extreme acts of violence against others to protect their interest. underprivileged groups may retaliate with violence to improve circumstance |
| self-esteem hypothesis | appropriate education/higher self esteem... prejudices go away |
| contact hypothesis | bring memebers together of different groups... learn to appreciate common experiences/backgrounds |
| cooperation hypothesis | conflicting groups need to cooperate by laying aside individual interests and learning to work together |
| Legal hypothesis | enforcing laws against discrimination |
| Aggression | behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed |
| Altruism | unselfish behaviors or actions done for the sake of someone else |
Created by:
WonderTurtle
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