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Language
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vervet monkeys | Animal that have different calls for different predators. Leopard call (climb trees), snake call (stand up and search ground), eagle call (rush to bushes) |
| Honey bees | Animal that do a "waggle dance" to find food relative to the sun |
| Apes | Animal that has been taught few words, but is most successful with sign communication |
| Washoe | Ape that called a swan in water "water bird," but critics say he was talking about the bird and water as two separate things |
| Koko | Ape that called Pinocchio "elephant baby" |
| Lana | Ape that wanted the fruit orange, but did not know word, so said "Tim give me orange apple" |
| Classical conditioning | Criticism against apes knowing language - could just be trained to do certain thing for reward, or imitating trainers |
| Symbolic, generative, structured | 3 aspects of language |
| Generative language | Limited number of symbols can be combined to form infinite number of new combinations |
| Structured language | The phonemes in words |
| Phonemes | Set of basic sounds - word "afternoon" would have 8 |
| Morphones | Smallest unit of meaning - word "afternoon" would have 2 |
| Semantics | Rules used to derive meaning, like "-ed" means past |
| Syntax | Rules to order words into phrases or sentences, like "the cat" not "cat the" |
| Kanzi | Pygmy chimp that understood syntax - asked to make dog bite snake, so put snake in dog's mouth |
| 6 months | Age for babies babbling (deaf babies can as well) |
| 10-13 months | Age for babies using words |
| 19-24 months | Age for fast mapping - being able to understand concept after one exposure |
| Overextension / overgeneralization | When child uses words incorrectly to describe wider set of objects or actions |
| Holophrases | Single words that act as sentences - used by babies |
| Two word stage / telegraphic speech | Stage when babies combine concepts to form few word sentences that will only contain nouns and verbs |
| Overregularization | When grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized, like "bestest class" |
| Metalinguistic awareness | Ability to reflect on the use of language, and understanding of complex sentences (like puns) |
| Behaviorist | Explanation for child development believing that language is acquired through learning processes like observational learning, operant conditioning, and shaping |
| Nativist | Explanation for child development believing that language is innate and we are born with hardware, and the experience that child lives through creates software |
| Skinner | Language behaviorist |
| Noam Chomsky | Language nativist that believed that there is an inborn universal grammar |
| Language Acquisition Device | Innate mechanism or process that facilitates learning of language - used as evidence for ease of language acquisition in childhood |
| Interactionists | Believe that language development is combination of nature and nurture, a mix of nativists and behaviorists |
| Critical period | Time between 2 years and puberty when mind is primed to learn language |
| Linguistic relativity | States that language determines the nature of one's thought - Whorf's hypothesis. Like how eskimos have many words for snow. Critics say they don't have many, and we have more than one. |
| Broca's area | Area of brain needed for necessary production of speech |
| Wernicke's area | Area of brain needed for language comprehension |
| Cognition | Mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge. |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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