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science midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| scientific theory | a well supported explanation about nature |
| scientific law | how something happens in nature under certain circumstances |
| Two types of scientific observation | observations, experiment |
| observations | go out into the field, watch stuff, take notes and pics (lion eating) |
| experiment | do something, most of the time in a lab for controlled conditions (storm) |
| scientific method | steps of an experiment: 1. Define problem/answer question 2.Form Hypothesis 3.Plan & gather supplies 4.Perform experiment 5.Record & analyze data 6.Conclusion (DFPPRC) |
| parts of an experiment | 1. control group 2. variable (independent/dependent) 3. data |
| control group | you know the outcome |
| variable | something that changes in an experiment. Only supposed to be one thing |
| independent variable | what YOU change in the experiment (size of rock) |
| dependent variable | what was the OUTCOME (how far did the rock go) |
| data | information you collected. Notes, pictures, info from experiments, measurements |
| repitition | you must repeat your experiment more than once to make sure your results are the same |
| replication | ask a friend or coworker to do a copy of your experiment to see if they got the same results as you did |
| organization of organisms | 1. cells 2. tissue 3. organs 4. organ systems 5. organism |
| cell structure | arrangement of parts in an organism. Determines the function |
| cell function | activity or job it does in the organism |
| types of tissues | animal or plant |
| animal tissue | 1. nervous 2. epithelial 3. connective 4. muscle |
| plant tissue | 1. transport 2. protective 3. ground |
| cell | smallest unit of a living thing. cells are small due to limited surface area of the cell membrane. Their transportation process is not fast enough to go through a larger cell. cells must have a SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO. smaller is better |
| organism | is any living thing |
| cell theory- 3 basic characteristics of cells | 1. all organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. the cell is the basic unit of living things 3. all cells come from existing cells |
| two types of cells | prokaryote eukaryote |
| prokaryote | single celled organism with NO nucleus, NO membrane bound organelles (ex: bacteria) |
| eukaryote | contain DNA in a nucleus. YES nucleus, YES membrane bound organelles (ex: plants and animals) |
| all cells contain | 1. DNA 2. cell membrane surrounding it 3. cytoplasm to fill the inside 4. organelles |
| cytoskeleton- parts of a eukaryote cell | gives it shape and form |
| nucleus- parts of a eukaryote cell | to hold the DNA |
| mitochondria - parts of a eukayote and plant cell | used for cellular respirstion |
| ribosomes - parts of a eukayote and plant cell | makes proteins and chains of amino acids |
| endoplasmic reticulum- parts of a eukayote and plant cell | production, processing and transport of proteins and lipids |
| golgi complex - parts of a eukayote and plant cell | makes vesicles or packages to distribute materials around the cell |
| cell wall - parts of a plant cell | rigid structure that surrounds the outer cell membrane |
| large central vacuole - parts of a plant cell | stores water, nutrients and waste. Supports the cell |
| chloroplasts - parts of a plant cell | organelles where photosynthesis takes place to get energy from the sun |
| animal cell*** | animal cells have one additional organelle called lysosomes. It uses digestive enzymes to break down old or malfunctioning cells |
| homeostasis | maintaining a constant internal state in a changing environment. Ways to do this... 1. shivering 2. trees lose their leaves 3. reptiles lay in the sun 4. animals hibernate |
| photosynthesis - cells get energy | plants, algae and bacteria |
| photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy --> C6H12O(sugar) + 6O2 |
| cellular respiration - cells get energy | animals and plants |
| producer - organisms need energy to live | they make their own food EX- plants |
| consumers - organisms need energy to live | they must eat or consume other living things EX- people |
| decomposers - organisms need energy to live | they break down dead organisms or waste to get nutrients EX - fungi |
| how plant cells make food | plants use photosynthesis to make energy in organelles called chloroplasts. Energy is captured from the sun along with water and carbon dioxide to form a sugar glucose and leftover oxygen that is released |
| how cells get energy from food | when sugar is broken down, energy is released as ATP. This process is called cellular respiration. It takes place in the organelle called mitochondria. Animal cells release carbon dioxide ****Cells divide for reproduction, growth and repair |
| Mitosis cell division | genetic material in a cell is called DNA. It exists on chromatin. Before cell division DNA is copied and stored onto a chromosome. The chromosome consists of two chromatids stuck together with the center called a centromere |
| Steps of Mitosis | 1. interphase - cells grows, copies the DNA 2. mitosis - the nucleus divides and separates. (4 mini phases) A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase 3. cytokinesis - cell membranes pinches itself into two cells |
| Meiosis cell division | sex cells also known as gametes contain half the number of chromosomes needed to produce an offspring. They are knowns as haploid cells. Males produce sperm cells (XY) females produce egg cells (XX). |
| Meiosis cell division | Cells with a pair of every chromosome are called diploid cells. When male and female sex cells join together it is called fertilization. A new diploid cell is formed with 46 chromosomes. That cell is called a zygote. |
| steps of meiosis | 1. meiosis I - has 4 mini stages |
| steps of meiosis - 4 mini stages of meiosis I | A.prophase I- chromosomes are copied B. metaphase I- nucleus breaks down and chromosomes line up in the middle C. anaphase I- chromosomes separate from their partners and move to the opposite sides D.telophase I and cytokinesis - cell divides into 4 cells |
| steps of meiosis | 2. meiosis II - has 4 mini stages |
| steps of meiosis - 4 mini stages of meiosis II | A.prophaseII-chromosomes are NOT copied again and the nucleus breaks down B.metaphaseII-chromosomes line up in the middle C.anaphaseII-chromosomes separate from there partners and move to opposite sides D.telophaseII &cytokinesis-cell divides into 4 cells |
| Asexual reproduction | 1 organism produces one or more new organisms that are identical to itself. Mostly single celled organisms. |
| Asexual reproduction | 1. binary fission - parent cell splits in 2. mitosis 2. budding - tiny buds develop on the parents body 3. spores - specialized cell that is light and can stand harsh conditions 4. vegetative reproduction- plants can grow from stems, roots, or leaves. EX |
| sexual reproduction | 2 parents each contribute sex cells the organism. Happens to multi-cellular organisms. The offspring is NOT identical to the parents. Meiosis |
| pedigree | can trace the occurrence of a trait through generations of a family. Very helpful tracking sex linked disorders. Ex: Hemophilia and colorblindness |
Created by:
ineyhart
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