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Therapies (ch. 13)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychotherapy | Individual (or couple or small group) works directly with the therapist in discussing concerns and problems. To help both the mentally healthy and mentally ill understand themselves better |
| Biomedical | Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain. Uses drugs, surgical methods, shock treatments, and other stimulation techniques |
| Psychoanalysis | Emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts. Relaxed, open, exploring innermost feelings without embarrassment or rejection. More direct therapeutic approach. Freud |
| Dream Interpretation | Latent content - the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams |
| Free association | Patient is encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear or negative evaluations. Revealing things through the natural flow of ideas |
| Resistance | The point at which the patient becomes unwilling to talk about certain topics - changing the subject or becoming silent |
| Transference | When the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past - the patient reflects positive or negative reactions onto the therapist as if they were someone from the past |
| Directive | Therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or action |
| 3 points of the psychodynamic theory | (1) Similar to psychoanalysis (2) Less frequent sessions (3) Less emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives |
| Carl Roger's person centered therapy | The person is in the center of the process - not ill, not a patient, but a client and a human being. They do all the talk and the therapist does all the listening. Therapist provides unconditional positive regard. Therapeutic, warm, loving atmosphere. |
| Getault therapy | Therapist helps client to accept all parts of their feelings and experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing. Focus on the denied past |
| Name a benefit and a problem to humanistic therapies | (1) Beneficial to healthy and articulate people (2) Problems: therapist knows what is wrong but won’t say until the patient figures it out. Also costly and time consuming. |
| Humanistic therapy | Focus on conscious, immediate lives rather than past, emphasizes importance of choice and potential to change |
| 3 Elements to person-centered therapy | (1) Authenticity (2) Unconditional positive regard (3) Empathy |
| PCT: Authenticity | Genuine, open, honest response of the therapist to the client |
| PCT: Unconditional positive regard | Positive regard given without strings attached - warm accepting atmosphere created by the therapist. Validation |
| PCT: Empathy | The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client |
| Behavior therapy | Based on the principals of conditioning. Aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of that behavior. Change behavior through learning techniques to learn new responses. |
| Behavior therapy: Classical conditioning | Systematic desensitization, aversion, exposure |
| Behavior therapy: Operant conditioning | Modeling, reinforcement, extinction |
| Systematic desensitization (and 3 steps) | Used to treat phobias. Client makes a list of ordered fears and is taught to relax while concentrating on those fears (1) client learns to relax (2) makes a list of fears (3) confronts fears on list while remaining in a relaxed state |
| Aversion | Undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce frequency of the behavior |
| Exposure | Expose individuals to anxiety or fear related stimuli, under carefully controled conditions, to promot new learning. Can be in real life, imagened, or virtual relaity |
| Modeling | Learning through the observation and imitation of others. Developing social skills by watching someone else |
| Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral therapy | Goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically. Focus on present rather than past |
| 3 goals of cognitive therapy | (1) Relieve the symptom and help clients resolve the problems (2) Help develop strategies to cope with future problems (3) Help clients change the way they think from irrational, self-defeating thoughts to more rational, self-helping, positive thoughts |
| 3 elements of cognitive therapy | (1) Cognitions affect behavior (2) Cognitions can be changed (3) Behavior change can result from cognitive change |
| Rational-Emotive behavior therapy | Clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief systems |
| Aaron Beck's 5 elements of cognitive therapy | Arbitrary inference, selective thinking, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, and personalization |
| Arbitrary inference | Jumping to conclusions without evidence |
| Selective thinking | Focus on only one aspect of the situation |
| Overgeneralization | Drawing a conclusion from one incident and then assumes that conclusion in other areas that have nothing to do with the original incident |
| Magnification and minimization | Blows bad things out of proportion while failing to emphasize good things |
| Personalization | Taking blame for things that have nothing to do with them |
| Beck's negative triad | Negative thoughts about self, world, and future |
| Self-help groups | Group of people with similar problems who meet together without a therapist for discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support. Ex. Alcoholics anonymous |
| Family counseling | Family members meet with a therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family. No one person is responsible for the problems - the family is a unit, and all work together to solve the problem |
| Psychotherapy is not effective for... | Schizophrenics, the insane, drug users, and those with low IQ |
| Biomedical therapy | Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain. Uses drugs, surgical methods, shock treatments, and other stimulation techniques |
| Phenothiazine | (1) Takes away the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (2) Also treats anxiety disorders (3) Affects the dopamine system - D2 receptor (4) Antipsychotic drug |
| Psychiatrist v. Psychologist | Psychiatrists prescribe medication, while psychologists diagnose disorders |
| What drug is used for bipolar disorder? | Lithium |
| Cymbalta | Used for diabetic nerve pain as well as generalized anxiety disorder |
| Give a couple examples of SSRIs | Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro |
| Give a couple examples of antianxiety drugs | Xanax, Ativan, Valium |
| SSRIs v. Therapy | SSRIs work on the amygdala, and therapy works on the prefrontal cortex. Both produce the same effects though |
| SSRIs are the more widely used form of treatment for... | Depression |
| Antipsychotic drugs | Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior |
| Typical antipsychotics | Block certain dopamine receptors in the brain to reduce the effect of dopamine. Delusions and hallucinations |
| Atypical antipsychotics | Suppress dopamine to a much greater degree. Also partially block certain serotonin receptors. Treats positive and some negative symptoms of psychosis |
| MAOIs - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine more slowly to help them remain at higher levels in the brain |
| What to be careful of with MAOIs | Can kill if combined with other foods, creates an imbalance in blood pressure - tricyclic. Pickled food, certain drinks, smoked foods. |
| What part of the brain does the placebo effect affect | Frontal cortex |
| Double blind studies in regards to the placebo effect | Important for assessing whether drugs are effective. Drugs must be MORE effective than placebo effect to be marketed |
| Give 3 examples of the placebo effect | (1) Non-alcoholic beer (2) Vitamins make you sleepy (3) Sugar and ADHD |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Electrodes placed on sides of the person's head and an electric current is passed through that is strong enough to cause seizures or convulsions. Memory is effected, prevents the formation of long term memories |
| Eclectic therapy | Combining several approaches or techniques to therapy |
Created by:
sara_hillyer
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