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Disorders (ch. 12)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trepanning | Cutting holes in the skulls of living people. This was done a long time ago to 'let out' the demons that were haunting the people (with mental illnesses) |
| Hippocrates view of mental illness | Believed that mental illness was a result of imbalance. Imbalance of fluids led to mental illness. It was the first time that illnesses had a biological component. |
| Common explanation for mental illness in the past | Thought it was demons that needed to be let out. Possessions that were cured through exorsicm |
| Abnormality | Statistically rare. Unusual thinking or behavior. May cause discomfort or inability to function. May become a danger to themselves or others |
| Social norm deviance | Going against the social norm |
| Subjective discomfort | Emotional distress or pain while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process. Ex. Someone who is fearful and anxious when they leave their home |
| The DSM V in regards to depression | 5+ for 2+ weeks (1) depressed mood (2) loss of interest/pleasure (3) weight gain/loss (4) insomnia/hypersomnia (5) loss of energy (6) feelings of worthlessness/guilt (7) loss of concentration/decisiveness (8) thoughts of death/suicide |
| The DSM V in regards to ADHD | Symptoms: (1) Hard to concentrate (2) Social abnormalities (3) Can't sit still (4) Impulsive behaviors (5) Interfereance with social and academic functioning |
| Anxiety disorder | Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness |
| 4 causes of anxiety | Magnification, All-or-nothing thinking, Overgeneralization, Minimalization |
| Cause of anxiety: Magnification | Interpreting situations as being far more harmful, dangerous, or embarassing than they actualy are |
| Cause of anxiety: All-or-nothing thinking | Belief that performance must be perfect, or the result will be a total failure |
| Cause of anxiety: Overgeneralization | A single negative event interpreted as a never-ending pattern of defeat, or jumping to conclustions without facts to support that conlusion |
| Cause of anxiety: Minimalization | Giving little or no emphasis to one's successes or positive events and traits |
| Panic disorder | Disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty adjusting to daily life |
| OCD | A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur repeatedly are followed by some repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts. These complusions are meant to lower the anxiety. The person is compelled to otherwise they will experience extreme anxiety |
| PTSD | A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissosciation, reccuring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentraition, and "reliving" the event in dreams and flashbacks. Occurring for longer than 1 month |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Excessive anxiety and worries occur frequently, more days than not, for at least 6 months |
| Panic Attack | A sudden onset of extreme panic with various physical symptoms: racing heart, rapid breathing, a sensation of being "out of one's body", duller hearing or vision, sweating, and dry mouth |
| Major depressive disorder | When a deeply depressed mood comes on fairly suddenly and either seems to be too severe for the circumstances, or exists without any external cause for sadness. More likely to be diagnosed in women than men |
| Bipolar disorder | Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes, or from normal moods to manic episodes. |
| Name a couple causes of depression | Genes, low serotonin (brain chemical distortions), learned helplessness, spiral of negativity and dispair |
| Explain medication v. therapy in regards to depression | (1) Medication suppresses the brain activity (goal is to suppress amygdala). (2) Therapy increases brain activity. (goal is to activate the frontal cortex) (3) Medication has quick and temporary effects whereas therapy is slower and longer lasting. |
| Explain the brain of a depressed person (amygdala and frontal cortex) | The amygdala is hyperactive. The frontal cortex is suppressed. |
| Schizophrenia | Severe disorder in which the person suffers from distorted thinking, bizarre behaviors, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality |
| Delusions | False belief held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness |
| Hallucinations | Hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there - false sensory perceptions. |
| What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia | Excess of distortion of normal functions - hallucinations, delusions, disordered behavior, disorganized speech/speech disturbances |
| What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia | Decrease of normal functions - poor attention, lack of affect, flat affect, alogia (monotone speech), Avolition (lack of motivation) |
| Name a couple causes of schizophrenia | (1) Prenatal influences - infection, malnutrition (2) Genetics (3) Brain defects (structural defects) (4) Low dopamine levels (5) Born in the winter/spring - mother may have contracted the flu (6) Lose brain cells in specific areas - parietal lobe |
| Name 5 types of schizophrenia | (1) Paranoid (2) Disorganized (hebephrenic) (3) Catatonic (4) Residual (5) Undifferentiated |
| Type of schizophrenia: Paranoid | Delusions of grandeur and persecution. The only ones who have a tendency to be dangerous |
| Type of schizophrenia: Disorganized (hebephrenic) | Disorganized speech/behavior, flat affect/inappropriate emotion. Unable to finish tasks (including taking showers, or cooking a meal). Unable to organize thoughts and have conversations |
| Type of schizophrenia: Catatonic | Frozen and wild excitement (hard to differentiate with bipolar); not seen often today. |
| Type of schizophrenia: Residual | Transitional stage; symptoms are residual. Exhibiting some negative symptoms, but not positive symptoms |
| Type of schizophrenia: Undifferenciated | Don't meet criteria for the other 4 categories |
| Name a drug used to treat schizophrenia | Phenothiazines - to block or work on the dopamine system |
| Martin Seligman | Wrote a book about learned helplessness and depression called "Helplessness On Depression" |
| Gender and depression and suicide | Women experience depression more (2 to 1 ratio). Men more likely to complete a suicide attempt, women more likely to attempt it. 45% of depressed women have been abused |
| Toxic perfection | Black and White thinking - things need to be perfect |
| Utah, Mormon women, and depression | Highest ranking state for depression - linked to high altitudes. Mormon women show no more pathological guilt than the rest of the population. LDS women less likely to be depressed than American women in general |
| Anorexia | Reducing eating to the point that weight is significantly low. Mostly in young females. Weak heart, loss of muscle tissue, loss of sleep, low blood pressure, lack of menstruation, diarrhea Distorted body image, seeing fat where others only see skin/bones |
| Bulimia | Cycle of binging (overeating enormous amounts of food in one sitting), and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain (fasting, excessive exercise, throwing up, laxatives). Generally older women, maintain a normal weight |
| Binge-eating | Overeats, or binges, large amounts of food in one sitting. But unlike bulimia, they don't attempt to get rid of it afterwards |
| Consequences of Bulimia | Consequences include, tooth decay, acidity in the esophagus from vomiting, potassium/calcium imbalance, heart problems, fatigue, and seizures. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body. Involves a break or dissociating in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity |
| Dissociative amnesia | Individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific events (the kind of information contained in episodic long term memory). The cause is psychological rather than physical (like retrograde amnesia is) |
| Depersonalization/Derealization | People feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings |
| Psychodynamic theory of dissociative disorders | Repression of these memories or thoughts are a defense mechanism. It's disconnecting the awareness of the stressful or traumatic event to reduce emotional pain |
| Behavioral theory of dissociative disorders | The person may feel guilt, shame, or anxiety when thinking about these thoughts, so they start to avoid thinking them all together. Thought avoidance. |
| Sociopath | Results from the environment. More impulsive |
| Psychopath | Results from genetics. More careful. Most dangerous people on earth - wolf in sheep's clothes. Low frontal cortex activity |
| Antisocial personality | The person has no morals or conscience, and often behaves impulsively without regard for consequences. Lie, break the law, manipulate, borrow but don't repay, self-centered. Linked to low levels of stress hormones - not afraid of getting caught |
Created by:
sara_hillyer
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