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Nason Chapter 15
Personality Vocab
| Vocab Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| Free Association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating pyschological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconcious tensions |
| Unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
| Id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principles, demanding instant gratification |
| Ego | the largely unconscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates amond the demands of id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, bringing pleasure rather than pain |
| Superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations |
| Psychosexual Stages | the childhood stages of development (anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| Oedipus Complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother, and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| Identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
| Fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
| Defense Mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| Repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arrousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
| Regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
| Reaction Formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arrousing unconscious feelings |
| Projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| Rationalization | defense mechanism taht offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| Displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
| Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
| Projective Tests | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projections of one's inner dynamics |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projection test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| Terror-Management Theory | proposes that faith in one's world view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection agains a deeply rooted fear of death |
| Self-Actualization | according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| Unconditional Postive Regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| Self-Concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?" |
| Trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a dispostion to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
| Personality Inventory | a questionaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
| Epirically Derived Test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting thsoe that discriminate between groups |
| Social-Cognitive Perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context |
| Reciprocal Determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
| Personal Control | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
| External Locus of Control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determines one's fate |
| Internal Locus of Control | the perception that one controls one's own fate |
| Learned Helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| Positive Psychology | the scientific study of optimal human fuctioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
| Spotlight Effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
| Self-Esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
| Self-Serving Bias | a readiness to percieve oneself favorably |
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