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Which one of the following statements most accurately describes behaviorists view of how learning can best be studied?
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Some early psychologists argued that thinking cannot be observed and so cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?
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EDF Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which one of the following statements most accurately describes behaviorists view of how learning can best be studied? | The study of learning will be more objective and scientific if only observable events are considered. |
| Some early psychologists argued that thinking cannot be observed and so cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument? | “By studying people’s responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about the thought processes that underlie those responses.” |
| When cognitive psychologists talk about the process of “putting” things in memory, they often use the term: | storage |
| Three of the following students’ behaviors indicate that the students are paying attention. Which one does not necessarily show that students are paying attention? | All students’ eyes are clearly directed at their teacher. |
| It is difficult to think about too many things all at the same time—a fact that reflects: | The limited capacity of working memory |
| Which one of the following best describes how information is stored in long-term memory? | n a variety of possible forms |
| You know what a computer is, and you may also know how to send an e-mail message using a computer. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between: | visual imagery vs. elaboration. |
| According to the textbook, students often engage in rote learning rather than meaningful learning of school subject matter because: | nformation learned at a rote level is stored in working memory more quickly. |
| Students often hold on stubbornly to their misconceptions about the world. Three of the following are possible explanations as to why this might be so. Which statement is not a likely explanation for the resilience of misconceptions? | Synapses in the brain become less effective over time. |
| Which one of the following statements best describes situated learning as it affects retrieval? | Knowledge and skills acquired in one context are unlikely to be retrieved in a very different context. |
| Many children lack metacognitive knowledge. This is reflected in the fact that they: | Don’t know very much about how to learn |
| Which one of the following is the best example of a covert (rather than overt) strategy that one might use while studying a textbook chapter? | Working hard to keep one’s mind from wandering while reading the chapter |
| Given research on effective study skills, which one of the following pieces of advice should you not give to a struggling student? | “Take notes on a lecture only after it’s over.” |
| A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to: | express surprise about a low test score. |
| Students’ epistemic beliefs can best be described as students’ views about: | what knowledge is and how it is acquired. |
| Which one of the following best describes a classroom that has a culture of transfer? | Teacher and students regularly look for ways to apply what they’re studying. |
| Which one of the following problems is the best example of an ill-defined problem? | Helping a friend whose feelings have been hurt |
| If we want to enhance students’ metacognitive processes during problem solving, we would be most likely to: | suggest questions that students might ask themselves as they work on problems. |
| Creativity often involves divergent thinking. Which one of the following is the best example of divergent thinking? | Lacking any wooden blocks to build an arch for his toy soldiers to march under, Thomas builds an arch using upside-down paper cups. |
| A higher-level question that helps to foster creativity asks students to respond in which one of the following ways? | To develop an answer not specifically provided in class |
| One characteristic common to all behaviorist learning theories is an emphasis on: | the importance of every single event in a person’s life. |
| Ivan Pavlov conducted a series of studies that led him to propose his theory of classical conditioning. In these studies Pavlov observed how a dog learned to: | salivate to a simple stimulus such as a light. |
| Classical conditioning typically occurs when: | two stimuli are presented at about the same time. |
| Which one of the following alternatives describes a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? | A stimulus that begins to elicit a response it has not previously elicited |
| Three of the following are examples of instrumental conditioning. Which one is not? | Carol’s room has been a disaster area for more than a month, with toys and clothes lying about everywhere. Carol’s mother has told Carol that, once the room has been cleaned, they will spend a day at the zoo. There is no noticeable improvement in Carol’s |
| Primary reinforcers are stimuli that: | satisfy biologically built-in needs. |
| Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? | Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner wants |
| The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which: | something the learner doesn’t want is taken away after a response |
| One form of instrumental conditioning, in which a response increases due to reinforcement, is referred to as __________ conditioning. | operant |
| Which one of the following statements most accurately describes intermittent reinforcement? | A particular response is reinforced on some occasions but not on others |
| Which one of the following statements best illustrates social cognitive theorists’ notion of reciprocal causation? | |
| Three of the following statements are consistent with social cognitive theory. Which one is not? | Behavior is goal-directed in nature. |
| Which one of the following is the best example of a student working for an incentive? | Doris is studying with the hopes that she will pass her history test. |
| Research studies indicate that three of the following can be learned by observing models. For which one has modeling not been shown to be a significant factor in learning? | Increasing one’s IQ score |
| As he writes a capital J on the board, Mr. Anson tells his kindergartners, “To write a capital J, you make a fishhook with a line across the top.” The primary reason that Mr. Anson is a successful model for his students in this situation is that he is: | describing what he is doing as he demonstrates, using language students are likely to remember. |
| Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one is the best example of self-efficacy? | Danielle knows she is a good singer. |
| In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept? | Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed. |
| Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? According to social cognitive theorists, the answer is: | Yes. Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off. |
| Social cognitive theorists tell us that students in the United States are most likely to work for goals that: | they have chosen for themselves. |
| Three of the following are characteristics of self-regulated learning. Which one is not necessarily a characteristic associated with self-regulated learning? | Working as hard as possible to achieve the teacher’s instructional objectives |
| 1The four statements below describe effects that motivation may have on learning and/or behavior. Three of the statements are accurate. Which one is not accurate? | Motivation enhances students’ memory for irrelevant information |
| Which one of the following is the best example of extrinsic motivation? | Wanting a good grade in your literature class |
| Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation? | Annette loves to play the viola and so practices for at least an hour every day |
| hich one of the following alternatives best describes the concept of self-worth as a factor in motivation? | Students like to believe that they are competent individuals. |
| Which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists’ concept of sense of self-determination? | Knowing that you can accomplish something if you put your mind to it |
| Three of the following statements about the need for relatedness are accurate. Which one is not true about the need for relatedness? | It has been observed in some cultures but not in others |
| From Maslow’s perspective, which one of the following best reflects a deficiency need? | Bill is worried that Mark might beat him up on the way home from school. |
| A student’s expectancy about classroom success is influenced by three of the following factors. Which one will probably be leastinfluential? | Whether the student has set short-term or long-term goals |
| Three of the following are accurate statements about interrelationships between affect and motivation. Which statement is notaccurate? | Learners tend to be happiest when they know that events are beyond their control. |
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