Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RADT1010
Final Study Guide - West Ga. Tech.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| radiation | energy that travels in waves and is transmitted through space or through a medium |
| energy | has the capacity to do work |
| ionization | any process by which a neutral atom gains or looses an electron |
| 5 forms of energy | 1.) heat 2.) electrical 3.) mechanical 4.) nuclear 5.) electromagnetic |
| roentgen | another name for x-rays Also, (R) the measure of ionization in air which produces 2.08 X 10^9 ion pairs per cc of air |
| light, x-rays, and radiowaves | are all forms of electromagnetic energy |
| MRI | uses radio waves to generate sectional images of patient anatomy |
| November 8th, 1895 | Roentgen discovers x-rays |
| radiographer | person who uses x-rays to create images of the body |
| radiologist | person trained to use nuclear medicine or radiography to produce images of the body for interpretation by a physician |
| ARRT | American Registry of Radiologic Technologists- credentialing organization for medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy |
| angiography | examination of the blood vessels after the injection of contrast medium |
| radiopharmaceutical | not contrast medium, radioactive material injected into the bloodstream to visualize organs |
| computed tomography | x-ray visualization of patient anatomy along various sectional planes |
| bone densitometry | dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; DEXA or DXA. used to diagnose osteoporosis |
| diagnostic medical sonography | ultrasound |
| NMTCB | Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board |
| radiologic technology | the technical science using x-rays and radioactive substances to diagnose and treat patients |
| accreditation | the vetting of schools to show compliance with educational standards set by and for the profession |
| JRC | Joint Review Committee- examines educational institutions to determine educational excellence |
| certification | wherein an agency examines the knowledge base of an applicant on a filed of specialized professional skills |
| ARRT | American Registry of Radiologic Technologists- encourages the study and elevates the standard of radiologic technology. |
| JRCERT | Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology- accrediting body that established standards of education |
| direct supervision | licensed radiographer is in the room supervising a student |
| indirect supervision | licensed radiographer is within earshot of student and able to respond quickly if needed |
| TJC | The Joint Commission- regulates the quality and safety of care provided to patients |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission- conducts site inspections to insure the safe operation of ionizing radiation equipment |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration- federal agency that establishes standards for safety in the workplace |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act- set standards for the protection of personal health information |
| PACS | Picture Archive and Communication System- acquires, archives, and distributes digital images throughout a particular health system |
| computed radiography | cassette-based, digital- uses photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP) |
| direct capture | uses amorphus slenium- converts x-ray energy to a signal that is sent to a computer for processing |
| half-value layer | amount of filtration necessary to reduce a beam's intensity by half, expressed as (mm Al/Eq) |
| indirect capture | uses amorphus silicon- converts x-rays into light which is detected (by the silicon) and then converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing |
| primary radiation | beam of photons before patient interaction |
| 4 requirements to produce x-rays | vacuum, electron source (filament), voltage to accelerate electrons, target to stop electrons |
| kilovolt peak (kVp) and value range | potential difference that controls the quality and somewhat affects quantity of x-ray photon production- controls contrast- . . . . In radiology, we use 30-150kVp |
| milliampere-second (mAs) and value range | the quantity of photons produced in the tube- controls IR exposure/density. We use 50-400 mA |
| primary radiation | x-rays after leaving tube and before encountering object |
| window level | controls brightness on a display monitor |
| window width | controls contrast on a display monitor |
| penumbra | image unsharpness- the further the OID, the more penumbra there will be |
| scatter radiation | photons that change direction after encountering matter- also known as "fog"-reduced scatter increases contrast as this is non-diagnostic radiation |
| remnant radiation | x-rays that leave the patient and strike the image receptor |
| computed radiography kVp recommended limits | 45-120kVp |
| amorphous silicon (a-Si) | used in indirect capture (remember the i's go together) |
| amorphous selenium (a-Se) | used in direct capture |
| radiographic density | the blackening of an image- controlled by kVp *and* mAs |
| photographic quality | affects the visibility of an image- density and contrast- controlled by kVp |
| geometric quality | affects the sharpness and accuracy of an image- resolution and distortion |
| 4 primary image quality factors | 1.) density, 2.) contrast (photographic quality) 3.) resolution, 4.) distortion (geometric quality) |
| 15% rule | increasing kVp by 15% will effectively double image receptor exposure |
| inverse square law | the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source |
| exposure latitude | the range of settings that will produce an acceptable image- greater on digital systems |
| exposure indicator | numeric representation of radiation received by the IR digital systems |
| automatic rescaling | computer-controlled display of non-optimal images |
| motion | patient motion is the leading cause of image unsharpness |
| SID | Source to Image (Receptor) Distance- the greater the distance, the greater the recorded detail will be |
| OID | Object to Image (Receptor) Distance- the greater the distance, the more distortion you will have |
| diagnostic yield | amount of clinically useful information on an image |
| anode | positive electrode of the x-ray tube |
| cathode | negative electrode of the x-ray tube |
| diagnostic effacacy | the accuracy of a diagnostic study of a patient's condition |
| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable- overexposure exceeding 100% above optimum exposure is a ALARA violation |
| bequerel (Bq) | ISU unit of radioactivity- one disintegration per second |
| Curie (Ci) | U.S. unit of radioactivity-quantity of radioactive nuclide that produces 3.7 X 10^10 |
| Gray (Gy) | ISU that measures the amount of energy absorbed in any medium |
| Sievert (Sv) | ISU that measures dose equivalence or biologic effectiveness of differing radiations |
| compton scattering | outer shell interactions- main source of occupational worker exposure, most common effect |
| coherent scattering | below 10keV, does not transfer energy to the patient |
| photoelectric interaction | inner shell ejection of electron, creates an ion pair- greatest hazard to patients, second most common interaction- (remember Patients and Photoelectric) |
| rad | absorbed dose 100 ergs/g |
| rem | dose equivalent- rad X quality factor |
| 3 principals of protection | 1.) time 2.) distance 3.) shielding |
| cultural competency | possessing a set of attitudes, behaviors, and policies that come together in a system to allow interactions in a cross-culteral framework |
| 6 human diversity traits | 1.) mental and physical ability 2.) age 3.) race 4.) national origin 5.) religion 4.) gender and sexual orientation |
| assimilation | process by which one culture gives up their identity and is absorbed into another one |
| biculturalism | the ability to navigate competently between a person's culture and the mainstream one |
| racism | the belief that one's own race is superior to others |
| gender | the chromosomal identity of the person |
| Royce Osborn Minority Student Scholarship | established by the ASRT (American Society of Radiologic Technologists) to increase cultural diversity |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Seven levels (from the bottom up): physiological, safety, love, esteem, knowledge, aesthetics, self-actualization |
| paralanguage | non-verbal communication such as the pitch, tone, speed, accent- the quality of your voice, not specifically what was said |
| closed awareness | patient is unaware of the details of their condition |
| suspicious awareness | patient doesn't directly inquire about the details of their condition and pretends to know less than they do know |
| open awareness | full communication between patient and caregivers |
| 5 stages of dying and grief | 1.) denial 2.) anger 3.) bargaining 4.) depression 5.) acceptance |
| advanced directive | orders for care under extreme situations... life support or not |
| localization | determining area of concern by palpation or careful wording of questions |
| 6 techniques for history taking | 1.) open-ended questions 2.) probing questions 3.) facilitation (encouraging attitude), 4.) silence, 5.) repetition (active listening), 6.) summarization |
| acute -v- chronic | acute is sudden onset, chronic has a prolonged course |
| "sacred seven" history taking elements | 1.) onset 2.) localization 3.) chronology 4.) severity 5.) quality 6.) aggravating or alleviating factors 7.) associated manifestations |
| biomechanics | laws of physics as it relates to living bodies |
| center of gravity | S-2 |
| 4 types of wheelchair transfers | 1.) standby assist 2.) assisted standing pivot 3.) two-person lift 4.) hydraulic lift |
| standby assist | wheelchair is at a 45 degree angle to the table |
| assisted standing pivot transfer | wheelchair at 45 degrees from table, uses a belt |
| when moving a patient, | always roll them toward you |
| immobilization | must have doctor's order to immobilize a patient |
| Pigg-o-stat | pediatric restraint device for upright and abdominal radiographs used on children up to about age 4 |
| blanket wrap | triangle folded blanket- goes medially over an arm and then behind the back, then medially over the other arm and gets tucked in behind the back |
| average oral, tympanic and rectal temperatures | Oral- 98.6 Tympanic-97.6 Rectal-99.6 |
| adult and child's respirations <10 yrs old | Adult- 12-20 bpm Child-20-30 bpm |
| adult and child's pulse of <10 yrs old | Adult- 60-100 bpm Child-70-120 bpm |
| blood pressure | systolic <120 mmHg, diastolic <80 mmHg |
| where to take a baby's pulse | radial artery on the thumb side of the wrist |
| bradytachycardia | irregular heartbeat due to age |
| brain damage - oxygen depletion limit | 6 minutes |
| endotracheal tube placement | distal tip 1"-2" above the carina (tracheal bifurcation) |
| pneumothorax and where to intubate | air in the upper pleural spaces, intubate at the second to third intercostal space |
| pleural effusion | fluid in the area surrounding the lungs |
| central venous lines | Broviac, Hickman, Leonard, & Groshong. Tip to be positioned 2cm-3cm above the right atrial junction |
| pulmonary arterial (PA) lines | Swann-Gantz. estimates left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by monitoring right-sided heart and pulmonary pressure. |
| 4 basic infectious agents (+1) | bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa... and prions, infectious protein strands |
| 6 steps of infection | 1.) encounter 2.) entry 3.) spread 4.) multiplication 5.) damage 6.) outcome |
| surgical asepsis | 7-8 minute hand washing, sterile technique |
| medical asepsis | 2 minute hand washing, reduces the number of microbes but does not sterilize the area |
| opening a sterile package | always start with the flap that you lift away from you , like a postal envelope |
| enema volume | 1500ml |
| 3 emergency objectives | 1.) preserve life 2.) do no harm 3.) obtain appropriate assistance as quickly as possible |
| defibrillators- automatic -v- semiautomatic | must push button with semiautomatic to deliver shock |
| 4 levels of conciousness | 1.) fully alert 2.) drowsy 3.) unconscious but will react to pain 4.) comatose and unresponsive |
| 4 types of shock and what causes them | hypovolemic- loss of blood cardiogenic- myocardial infarction neurogenic- spinal anesthesia or spinal cord damage vasogenic- sepsis, deep anesthesia, or anaphylactic shock |
| drug | any substance that modifies a living organism's functioning |
| 3 drug classification methods | 1.) by name 2.) by action 3.) by legal classification |
| 7 dose forms | 1.) tablet 2.) capsule 3.) solution 4.) suspension 5.) inhalant 6.) suppository 7.) transdermal patch |
| licensure | the process in which a government agency grants permission to an individual to practice their profession |
| 9 steps of one-person CPR | 1.) establish unresponsiveness 2.) position the patient 3.) 30 chest compressions 4.) open airway 5.) establish breathlessness 6.) rescue breathing 7.) establish circulatory inadequacy 8.) five cycles of 30:2 compressions and breaths @ 100/min 9.) reasses |
| 5 patient rights | 1.) right amount 2.) right drug 3.) right patient 4.) right time 5.) right route |
| radiopaque | decreased density on the view- appear light- positive contrast agent |
| radiolucent | increased density on the view: appears dark- negative contrast agent |
| osomolality | total number of particles in solution. High osmolality solutions pull water towards them. |
| radiopharmaceutical | is not a contrast agent. is taken up by organs in the body and viewed with a gamma camera |
| mild allergic reaction | sneezing, congestion, mildly itchy skin, mild edema, limited vomiting, transient chills or flushing, mild hypertension, headaches, dizziness, anxiety, altered taste- usually does not require treatmnt |
| moderate allergic reaction | facial edema without dyspnea, throat tightness without dyspnea, bronchospasm, diffuse erythema- prompt treatment is required |
| severe allergic reaction | facial edema with dyspnea, diffuse erythema, laryngeal stridor may have hypoxia, anaphylactic shock, arrhythmia, seizures, convulsions- treatment usually requires hospitalization |
| Tc99 | most common radionucleotide in nuclear medicine |
| antimatter | a positive electron. also known as a positron, makes two 511-keV photons when encountering a electron, and is used in PET scans with a gamma camera. |
| ethics | the study of rightness and wrongness of human behavior and character as known by natural reason. Controlled by a group's code of ethics and expulsion is the sanction. |
| beneficence | performs actions or the benefit of the patient (bringing about good) |
| nonmaleficence | never performing acts to harm a patient (preventing harm) |
| autonomy | the patient decides what is to be done with them (acting with self-reliance) |
| veracity | always being relied upon to tell the truth as you know it (telling the truth) |
| fidelity | following through on your commitments (being faithful) |
| justice | performing acts to distribute harm and good equally (acting with equity) |
| ICD-10-CM | coding for a diagnosis |
| CPT-4 | coding for a procedure |
| tort | a claim of injury or wrong being done |
| assault | fear for immediate bodily harm |
| battery | touching a patient without their explicit concent |
| false imprisionment | restraining a patient against their will |
| defamation | slander- speaking badly about someone libel- harmful written comments or pictures |
| fraud | willful misrepresentation of facts that result in the loss of individual right or property |
| negligence | failure to provide reasonable care |
| res ipsa loquitur | "The thing speaks for itself" places the burden of proof on the defendant- used with medical negligence cases |
| respondeat superior | "the master speaks for the servant" an employer being responsible for an employees actions |
| implied consent | cooperating with having a procedure performed |
| informed consent | signed authorization for a procedure |
| what are the 4 vital signs | 1.) pulse rate 2.) respiratory rate 3.) blood pressure 4.) body temperature |
| absorbed dose- traditional and SI unit | rad (traditional) and Gray (SI) |
| dose equivalent (radiation measure) | rem (traditional) and Sievert (SI) |
| activity (radiation measure) | Curie (traditional) and Becquerel (SI) |
| coulomb/kilogram | measure of exposure in air |
| law | controlled by political subdivisions outside of the group. Violations result in fines, imprisonment |
| morals | an individual's internal monitor, derived from religious writings and violation of them results in guilt and shame |
| professional ethics | rules of conduct set out by a group to regulate its members |
Created by:
Juju_McFarland
Popular Radiology sets