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RT 101
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what organs are located in the abdominal cavity | peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels |
| what organs are located in the pelvic cavity | rectum, urinary bladder, parts of the reproductive system |
| "true pelvis" is defined as | portion of the abdominopelvic cavity inferior to a plane passing through the sacral promontory posteriorly and the superior surface of the pubic bones anteriorly |
| abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed in a double-walled seromembranous | peritoneum |
| the outer portion of the double-walled seromembranous sac | parietal peritoneum |
| the inner portion of the double-walled seromebranous sac | visceral peritoneum |
| the peritoneum forms folds are called | the mesentery and omenta |
| the space between the two layers of the peritoneum | peritoneal cavity and contains fluids |
| what cavity is behind the peritoneum | retroperitoneum |
| what organs lie in the retroperitoneum | kidneys and pancreas |
| ascities | fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity |
| AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm | localized dilation of abdominal aorta |
| what is the function of the 2 folds in the peritoneum | serve to support the viscera in position |
| bowel obstruction | blockage of bowel lumen |
| Ileus | failure of bowel peristalsis |
| metastasis | transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another |
| pneumoperitoneum | presence of air in peritoneal cavity |
| tumor | new tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled |
| pathology that is localized dilatation of the abdominal aorta | aneurysm |
| what is the common AP projection of the abdomen with the patient | KUB |
| why is the chest image included as part of the acute abdomen series | to rule out free air, bowel obstruction, and infection |
| what image should be substituted for the upright abdomen radiograph when the patient is unable to stand | left lateral decubitus |
| what is the advantage of the left lateral decubitus position compared with the supine position AP abdomen | demonstration of air-fluid levels |
| what structure of the upper abdomen should be demonstrated on the image | diaphragm |
| for the KUB image, when should respiration be suspended and what effect will that have on the patient | on full expiration; elevate the diaphragm |
| why is it desirable to include the diaphragm in the upright abdomen image | to demonstrate free air in the abdomen |
| which projection does not demonstrate free air levels within the abdomen | AP projection with the patient supine |
| what is the anatomic landmarks and relation to IR in a AP abdomen supine | MSP perpendicular to IR; MCP parallel |
| What breathing instruction should be given for a AP abdomen supine | suspend at the end of expiration |
| to which level of the patient should the central ray be centered for the KUB | iliac crest |
| what is the major advantage of the PA projection of the abdomen over the AP projection of the abdomen | the PA projection reduces the exposure dose to the gonads |
| which side must be demonstrated on an AP abdomen with the patient positioned left lateral decubitus when a pneumoperitoneum is suspected | right (free air) |
| which side must be demonstrated on an AP abdomen with the patient positioned left lateral decubitus when fluid accumulation is being evaluated | left |
| which structures should be examined to see whether the patient was rotated for a lateral projection of the abdomen | pelvis and lumbar vertebrae |
| which of the following is evaluated to check for rotation on an AP projection, supine position image of the abdomen | the ala of the ilia are symmetric |
| how is proper patient alignment evaluated on an AP projection, supine position KUB image of the abdomen | the vertebral column in centered in the collimated field |
| Synovial fluid | Thick, yellow, viscous fluid |
| Symphysis | Designed for strength and shock absorption |
| sthenic | 50%- build:mod. heavy, abd.:mod. long., thorax:mod. short, broad and deep. pelvis; small. stomach; high, upper left. gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abd. |
| asthenic | 10%- build: frail, abd.:short. thorax: long, shallow. pelvis: wide. diaphragm:low. stomach: low and medial. gallbladder: low and nearer the midline |
| hyposthenic | 35%- organs and characteristics are intermediate-difficult to classify |
| hyperstenic | 5%-build:massive. abd.:long. thorax: short, broad, deep. pelvis:narrow. stomach: high and in the middle. diaphragm:high. gallbladder: high |
| human body has how many bones | 206 |
| what are the 2 groups the body is divided into | axial and appendicular |
| how many bones in the axial skeleton | 80 - skull, neck, thorax, vertebral column, ribs |
| how many bones in the appendicular skeleton | 126 - shoulder girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic girdle |
| bones are composed of a strong, dense outer layer called | the compact bone - protects the bone and gives it strength for supporting the body |
| the inner portion of the bone that is less dense is called | the spongy bone |
| the softer spongy bone contains a spiculated network of interconnecting spaces called | the trabeculae |
| long bones have a central cavity called | medullary cavity - which contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow |
| in long bones what is concentrated at the ends of the bone and not in the medullary cavity | the red marrow |
| a tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers all bony surfaces except the articular surfaces is called | periosteum |
| what is found in bone marrow | tissue occupying the medullary cavity |
| what is found in the red bone marrow | forms red and white blood cells |
| what is found in the yellow bone marrow | replaces red bone marrow in the long bone of adults, contains considerable fat |
| the tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones is called | endosteum |
| bones that contain various knoblike projections, which are covered by the periosteum is called | tubercles or tuberosities |
| blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone through? | the periosteum |
| the opening of the periosteum where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit is called | foramina |
| the term given to the development and formation of bones is called | ossification |
| ossification occurs separately by 2 distinct process called | intermembranous and endochondral ossifications |
| describe intermembranous ossification | bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce the flat bones(skull,clavicle,sternum)-before birth these bones are not joined its until after birth the flat bones grow and it joins and forms sutures |
| describe endochondrial | develops from hyline cartilage in the embryo and produce short, irregular and long bones - this ossification occurs from 2 distinct centers of development called primary and secondary centers of ossification |
| describe primary ossification | begins before birth and forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones-this process forms the long central shaft in the long bones |
| during the development of the primary center of ossification, the long shaft bone is called | diaphysis |
| describe secondary ossification | occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone. |
| in the secondary ossification, each end bone that is developed is called | epiphysis |
| in the secondary ossification the diaphysis and epiphysis are distinctly separated, however during growth a plate of cartilage develops called | epiphyseal plate |
| as full ossification occurs the epiphyseal completely joins, only a moderately visible what appears on the bone | epiphyseal line |
| what are five classifications of bones | long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid |
| describe long bones | are only found in limbs, consist of primarily of a long cylindric shaft called the body and two enlarged rounded ends that contain a smooth slippery articular surface(femur,metacarpals/tarsals)-primary function is to provide support |
| describe short bones | bones that contain red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone, carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle- allow minimum flexibility of motion in a short distance |
| describe flat bones | consist of two tables of compact bone-marrow space between the inner and outer tables contains cancellous bone and red marrow or "diploe" as it is called flat bones (ribs, scapula) - provide protection and their broad surfaces allow muscle attachment |
| describe irregular bones | peculiar shapes and variety of forms(vertebrae and bones in the pelvis, facial) - functions include attachment for muscles, tendons, liagments |
| describe sesamoid | small and oval-expects believe that they alter the direction of muscle pull and decrease friction |
| arthology | study of joints or articulations between bones |
| what are the two classifications of joints | functional and structural |
| describe functional classification | when joints are classified as functional, they are broken down into three classifications - synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses |
| synarthroses | immovable joints |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable |
| diarthroses | freely movable |
| describe structural classification | based on the types of tissues that unite or bind the articulating bones - 3 distinct groups based on their connective tissues ; fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial |
| what are the 3 distinct groups in structural classification based on their connective tissues | fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial |
| describe fibrous joints | do not have a joint cavity-syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis are all immovable joints |
| describe cartilaginous joints | either slightly movable or immovable - symphysis(slightly movable), synchondrosis(immovable) |
| describe synovial joints | permit a wide range of motion and they are all freely movable - these joints are the most complex joints in the body |
| what structure completely surrounds and enfolds all synovial joints to join separate bones together | articular capsule |
| what is the outer layer of the articular capsule called | fibrous capsule-the fibrous tissue connects the capsule to the periosteum |
| what is the inner layer of the articular capsule is called | synovial membrane-creates joint cavity - produces synovial fluid |
| some synovial joints contain a pad of fibrocartilage called | meniscus- (shock absorbers) |
| some synovial joints also contain synovial fluid-filled sacs outside the main joint cavity called | bursae - (reduce friction between skin, bones, tendons and muscles) |
| what are the 6 synovial joints within the structural classification | gliding(plane), hinge(giglymus), pivot(trochoid), ellipsoid(condyloid), saddle(sellar), ball and socket (spheroid) |
| describe glinding (plane) | permit slight movement - they have flattened or slightly curved surfaces - ex. intercarpal and intertarsal joints of the wrist |
| describe hinge (ginglymus) | permits only flexion and extension - ex. elbow, knee and ankle |
| describe pivot (trochoid) | joints allow only rotation around a single axis - rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partially by the other bone - ex. axis of a cervical spine |
| describe ellipsoid (condyloid) | biaxial movement, primary. - movement in 2 directions at right angles to each other - ex. radiocarpal joint of the wrist |
| describe saddle (sellar) | permits movement in 2 axes similar to the ellipsoid - articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in a sadle |
| describe ball and socket (spheroid) | permits movement in axes including flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction and rotation - ex. the hip and shoulder |
| which terms refers to the study of the function of the body organs | physiology |
| what are the 4 fundamental body planes | sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique |
| which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves | midsagittal |
| what are the 2 great cavities of the torso | thoracic and abdominal |
| what is within the thoracic cavity | pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart and great vessels |
| in which quadrant of the abdomen is the appendix located? | right lower quadrant |
| which region of the abdomen is located below the umbilical region | hypogastrium |
| which region of the abdomen is located below the left hypochondrium | left lateral |
| which region of the abdomen is located below the left lateral | left inguinal |
| which region of the abdomen is located below the right hypochondrium | right lateral |
| which region of the abdomen is located below the right lateral | right inguinal |
| examples of long bones | tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges |
| examples of flat bones | occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, hip bone (coxal bone), sternum, ribs, and scapulae. |
| bones are classified according to their | shape |
| which bone classification is the trapezium | short |
| which bone classification consist largely of compact cortex tissue in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of diploe | flat |
| which term refers to a long pointed process | styloid |
| which term for a depression refers to a hole in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass? | foramen |
| which term refers to a fracture in which a broken bone projects through the skin | open |
| projection | refers to the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube |
| position | a specific patient body position or radiographic position |
| view | the body part as it is seen from the perspective of an x-ray film or other recording media |
| method | denotes the originator of a particular radiographic procedure, or additionally specific placement of the IR and central ray |
Created by:
Kristina25
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