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sociology ch11
religion and medicine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| religion | Those socially shared and organized ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that concern ultimate meanings and assume the existence of the supernatural or “beyond” and that are centered in beliefs and practices related to sacred things |
| sacred | those aspects of social reality that are set apart and forbidden. (extraordinary, mysterious, awe-inspiring, and even potentially dangerous- it is distinct from normal, routine life. |
| profane | those aspects of social reality that are everyday and commonplace. |
| rituals | social acts prescribed by rules that dictate how human beings should behave in the presence of the sacred |
| mana | The notion that there is in nature a diffuse, impersonal, supernatural force operating for good or evil |
| animism | pattern of religious behavior that involves a belief in spirits or otherworldly beings |
| theism | religion is centered in a belief in gods who are thought to be powerful, to have an interest in human affairs, and to merit worship |
| monotheism | belief in one god |
| polytheism | belief in many gods with equal or relatively similar power |
| church | religious organization that considers itself uniquely legitimate and typically enjoys a positive relationship with mainstream society |
| sect | a religious organization that stands apart from the dominant society but is rooted in established religious traditions |
| denomination | - A religious organization that accepts the legitimacy of other religious groups and enjoys a positive relationship with the dominant society |
| cult | Religious movement that represents a new and independent religion tradition |
| ethic | The perspective and values engendered by a religious way of thinking |
| protestant ethic | the Calvinist ethos that embodied the spirit of capitalism |
| asceticism | a way of life characterized by hard work, sobriety, thrift, restraint, and the avoidance of earthly pleasures |
| doctrine of predestination | a person’s status in the afterlife is determined by the way he or she behaves here on earth |
| secularization thesis | the notion that profane (nonreligious) considerations gain ascendancy over sacred (religious) considerations in the course of social evolution |
| secularization | process in which religions become increasingly wordly and less focused on the supernatural. |
| fundamentalism | protestant movement that opposes “modernist” theology and seeks to conserve the basic principles underlying traditional Christianity; it views the Bible as the literal and unerring word of God and reaffirms traditional authority. |
| evangelicalism | is a “glad tidings” movement whose members profess a personal relationship with Jesus Christ; adherents believe that the Bible provides the only authoritative basis4faith,stress,importance of personal conversation&emphasize the importance of christianlife |
| civil religion | Elements of nationalism and patriotism that take on the properties of a religion. |
| functionalist perspective | theorists look to the contributions religion makes to societal survival an are interested in totemism. According to Durkheim, religion is the symbolization of society. |
| conflict perspective (marx) | theorists depict religion asweapon in serive of ruling elites who use 2hold in check the explosive tensions produced by social inequality and injustice.Other conflict theorists see religion as an active force shaping the contours of social life |
| totemism | - a religious system in which a clan (a kin group) takes the name of , claims descent from, and attributes sacred properties to a plant or animal |
| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior or capability that results from experience. |
| education | The transmission of particular attitudes, knowledge, and skills to the members of a society through formal, systematic training. |
| 4 levels of formal organization of american schools and colleges | 1)The board of education or trustees- generally appoints and assigns administrators and teachers, decides on the nature of educational programs, determines building construction, and approves operational budgets. |
| 4 levels of formal organization of american schools and colleges | 2)administrators- superintendents, principals, presidents, chancellors, and deans responsible for executing the policies of the board. |
| 4 levels of formal organization of american schools and colleges | 3)teachers or professors- immediate day-to-day link between the larger system and individual students. |
| 4 levels of formal organization of american schools and colleges | 4)students |
| Factors that make it difficult for minority youth to gain enterance to and then remain in college (3) | 1. many of the students have weaker academic preparation in elementary an secondary schools than white students |
| Factors that make it difficult for minority youth to gain enterance to and then remain in college (3) | 2. most campuses lack a “critical mass” of minority student and faculty who can serve as rold models and make new students feel at home |
| Factors that make it difficult for minority youth to gain enterance to and then remain in college (3) | 3. many minority students are first-generation collegians, and they do not secure the emotional or financial support from home that second and third generation collegians receive |
| functionalist perspective | theorists who believe a specialized educational agency is needed to transmit the ways of thinking, feeling, and acting mandated by a rapidly changing urban and technologically based society |
| conflict perspective | schools as agencies that reproduce and legitimate the current social order,citing credentialism 1 factor&correspondence principle another.By reproducing&legitimating existing social order,educational institutions benefits individuals&groups others expense |
| correspondence principle (conflict) | The notion set forth by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school |
| credentialism (conflict) | The requirement that a worker have a degree that does not provide skills needed for the performance of a job. |
| interactionist perspective | Theorists see classrooms as little worlds teeming with behavior. They see U.S. schools primarily benefiting advantaged youngsters and alienating disadvantaged youngsters through the hidden curriculum &educational self-fulfilling prophecie |
| hidden curriculum | A complex of unarticulated values, attitudes, and behaviors that subtly fit children in the image of the dominant institutions |
| eduction self-fulfilling prophecies ( teacher-expectation effects) | The fact that many children fail to learn, especially inner-city and minority youngsters, because those who are charged with teaching them do not |
| medicine | An institution providing an enduring set of cultural patterns and social arrangements responsible for problems of health and disease |
| health | As defined by the WHO, “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” |
| disease | A condition in which an organism does not function properly because of biological causes |
| Factors accounting for rise in costs in medical care | classical rules governing marketplace not yet to health care.labor costs risen.continually upgrading services costs money.US pop. getting larger.modern medicine does not reduce% of sick.expanded concept of health to cover mental and psychological effects |
| HMO | health maintainence organizations |
| PPO | preferred provider organizations |
| functionalist perspective | Theorists who note that health is essential to the preservation of the human species and organized social life. One way societies contain the negative effects of health problems and disease is through institutionalizing illness in a sick role |
| sick role | a set of cultural expectations that define what is appropriate and in appropriate behavior for people with a disease or health problem |
| conflict perspective | Theorists who note that some people achieve better health than others because they have access to those resources that contribute to good health and recovery should they become ill |
| interactionist perspective | Theorists who view sickness as a condition 2 which we attach socially devised meanings. For example, an increasing # of behaviors that earlier generations defined as immoral or sinful R coming 2 be seen as forms of sickness- the medicalization of deviance |
| medicalization of deviance | An increasing number of behaviors that earlier generations defined as being immoral or sinful are coming to be seen as forms of sickness |
Created by:
lbcontreras
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