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Human Reproduction
Mrs. Hammer science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is essential for all species? | Reproduction |
| What is the joining of the egg and sperm? | Fertilization |
| What fertilization occurs in humans? | Internal Fertilization |
| Is the human egg smaller or larger than the sperm? | Larger |
| Both egg and sperm contain what? | Chromosomes |
| Sex cells contain how many chromosomes? | 23 |
| Is the male reproductive system more complex than the female's? | Yes |
| Male reproductive organs are considered to be inside or outside the body? | Outside |
| The male has 2 what? | Testicles or Testes |
| Where are the testes/testicles located? | Inside the scrotum |
| What size are the testes/testicles? | About the size of a walnut |
| What shape do the testes/testicles have? | Walnut |
| The body's internal temperature of 98.6 is too high for the production of what? | Sperm |
| Male's produce billions of what between puberty and death? | Sperm |
| What are tiny coiled up tubes inside of the testes that produce sperm? | Seminiferous Tubules |
| What male organ sits on top of the testes/testicles and is storage for almost inactive sperm? | Epididymis |
| How long does the inactive sperm stay in the epididymis? | 1 month |
| What is a tube that connects the epididmyis to the urethra and provides a pathway for sperm to travel? | Vas Deterens |
| What male reproductive organ secretes fluid into the upper part of the vas deterens and enables sperm to move? | Seminal Vesicle |
| What male reproductive organ also secretes fluid to aid mobility? | Prostate Gland |
| In the prostate gland, fluid is what characteristic to protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the vagina? | Alkaline(basic) |
| What gland secretes fluid to the upper part of the urethra? | Cowper's Gland |
| What are the two purposes of the urethra? | To connect the vas deferens to the outside of the body so it will be a pathway for sperm and it connects to the urinary bladder which will be another pathway for urine to exit the body. |
| What two liquids will never be in the urethra at the same time? | Urine and semen |
| What transfers sperm from one body to another? | Penis |
| What type of tissue surrounding the urethra enables the penis to become erect? | Erectile tissue |
| The testes are responsible for the production of the male sex hormone what? | Testosterone |
| Testosterone is responsible for the first or secondary male sex characteristics? | Secondary |
| What do the secondary sex characteristics include? | Facial and body hair, broadening of shoulders, and deepening of voice |
| What fluid is containing sperm called? | Semen |
| What is the expulsion of sperm from the penis? | Ejaculation |
| What is the process of formation of sperm cells? | Spermatogenesis |
| The testes produce very primitive sperm cells called what? | Spermatogonia |
| How many chromosomes do spermatogonia have? | 46 chromosomes |
| The chromosomes will increase in the first four stages of meiosis or what? | Mitosis |
| Spermatogonia produces two new cells called what? | Primary spermatocytes |
| How many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes contain? | 46 chromosomes |
| The primary spermatocytes need to divide a second time to complete what? | Meiosis |
| Primary spermatocytes dividing to complete meiosis will produce four new cells called what? | Secondary spermatocytes |
| Secondary spermatocytes have how many chromosomes? | 23 chromosomes |
| Are fisrt or secondary spermatocytes unmature sperm cells? | Secondary |
| What are the two stages of sperm cells maturation? | 1st stage- Spermatids 2nd stage- Sperm cells |
| The sperm cell maturation process occurs in what? | Seminiferous Tubules |
| The female reproductive organs are in what section of the body? | Lower Abdominal Cavity |
| What are the two structures on either side of the female body that are located at hip level? | Ovaries |
| Ovaries produce what? | Egg cells(also called ora or oocytes) |
| Females produce sex hormone called what? | Estrogen |
| What is responsible for making female secondary sex characteristics? | Estrogen |
| Female secondary sex characteristics include what? | Development of breasts, broadening of hips, body hair more noticeable, and production of egg cells |
| What are two tubes connected to the uterus, but not ovaries? | Fallopian tubes |
| Fallopian tubes have finger-like projections at the end of them called what? | Fimbrae |
| The fimbrae are responsible for doing what to the egg as it is released from the ovary? | "Catching" the egg |
| What is the hollow muscular organ that provides a place for the development of a baby? | Uterus |
| What is the tough ring of muscle at the base of the uterus called? | Cervix |
| What is the birth canal called? | Vagina |
| What are the three parts of the uterus? | Fundus-Top Body-Midsection which includes the endometrium-inner lining of uterus myometrium-outer tissue of uterus and then the cervix is the lower end of the uterus |
| What will start forming in ovaries when women begin puberty(10-14)? | Eggs |
| Egg maturation will continue to age what for woman? | age 50-55 |
| Each month ovary will release one egg, what is this called? | Ovulation |
| Once egg is released it will get caught by the fimbrae, where will it go? | Fallopian tube |
| How many days does it take approximately for the egg to move the length of the uterus? | 7 days |
| If sperm is present, fertilization will occur in the what? | Fallopian tube |
| Once egg is fertilized it is first called what? | Zygote |
| If egg is fertilized it will implant in the what? | Uterine wall |
| How many days does it take to complete the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall? | 3-5 Days |
| What will happen to the egg and uterine lining if the egg is not fertilized? | They will both shed |
| The process of shedding the unfertilized egg and uterine lining is called what? | Menstruation |
| What is the meiosis of the egg cell(Oocyte) called? | Oogenesis |
| What are embedded in the ovaries of an infant baby girl? | Ovarian Follicles |
| One ovarian follicle in the infant baby girl contains one immature what? | Egg cell(Oocyte) |
| By women's puberty, the number of ovarian follicles has been reduced by more than what? | 1/2 |
| What are the ovarian follicles that have been split in 1/2 called? | Primary follicles(400) |
| How many chromosomes does an oocyte contain? | 46 chromosomes |
| During a woman's lifetime, how many primary follicles will mature? | 350-450 primary follicles |
| What happens to the immature primary follicles? | They are absorbed by ovarian tissue |
| What is surrounding the outside of a follicle? | A layer of granulosa cells |
| What does the granulosa cells do as the follicle matures? | Increase |
| What does FSH stand for? | Follicle stimulating hormone |
| What does FSH do? | Becomes secreted, which causes egg to largen and layer of granulosa cells to thicken |
| As follicle grows larger, what does the inside area fill with? | Fluid |
| What does LH stand for? | Luteinizing Hormone |
| FSH and LH cause the growth of what two things to increase? | Egg and Follicle |
| What is a follicle called after follicle size increases due to LH and FSH? | Graafian Follicle |
| What is within the Graafian Follicle? | Oocyte |
| What ruptures causing the oocyte to be released? | Graafian Follicle |
| What is the rupture of the Graafian follicle due to? | LH(Luteinizing Hormone) |
| What is the membrane of the ovary rupturing and the oocyte being released called? | Ovulation |
| Does the follicle remain in the ovary after ovulation? | Yes |
| What is the empty follicle called? | Corpus Luteum |
| What bodies do not produce living cells? | Polar Bodies |
| The word menstrual comes from the Latin word meaning what? | monthly |
| What is the onset of menstruation called? | Menarche |
| What is the halting of the menstrual period called? | Menopause |
| How long is the menstrual cycle? | about 28 days |
| Name the 4 hormones the menstrual cycle is controlled by. | FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone), Estrogen, Luteinizing Hormone, Progesterone |
| The cycle begins the first day of the menstrual period. What is this called? | Day 1 |
| What begins to develop on day 1? | New egg cell |
| What is the production of the new egg cell caused by? | FSH(Follicle Stimulating hormone) |
| When will follicle reach maturity? | Between 12th and 16th day |
| When does the production of FSH(Follicle stimulating hormone) surge and what is it called? | Between 12th and 16th day Ovulation |
| Production of estrogen will fluctuate some, but at what will it surge? | Ovulation |
| When will progesterone surge and be secreted? | Day 17 |
| What hormone prevents growth of a new follicle and is also called the "pregnancy hormone"? | Progesterone |
| What does progesterone prepare the woman's body for? | Possible pregnancy |
| When secretions of progesterone start to drop, what does it signal? | That the egg is not fertilized and to get the uterus ready to shed lining. |
| Secretion of progesterone also starting to drop also signals for production of what? | LH(Luteinizing Hormone) to form corpus luteum |
| What four stages are in the normal menstrual cycle? | Follicular Phase, Ovulation Phase, Luteal Phase, Normal Time |
| What happens in the follicular phase? | FSH and estrogen are produced in amounts that will allow follicle to mature (lasts days 1-12) |
| What happens in the ovulation phase? | Estrogen and FSH will peak and ovulation occurs(Days 13-15) |
| What happens in the luteal phase? | LH and progesterone secretions rise and corpus luteum is produced(Days 16-18) |
| Normal time happens on what days? | Days 19-1 |
| What will always be 14 days before next period? | Ovulation |
| The average menstrual cycle is between what amount of days? | 21-35 days |
| How many days is the duration of an average period? | 2-7 days |
| What is the average blood loss per period? | 30-40 mL |
| Is a menstrual cycle normal when under 21 days? | No |
| Is a menstrual cycle normal when over 45 days? | No |
| What percent of periods during the first 2 years are anovoluntary? | 50%-80% |
| What type of periods are not related to ovulation? | Anovulatory |
| The younger the teen at menarche, the sooner cycles become what? | Ovulatory |
| What are frequent periods less than 18 days apart called? | Polymenorrhea |
| What are painful periods that includes cramps, nausea, and usually no pelvic pathology? | Dysmenorrhea |
| What is an absence of periods after at least one and when pregnancy is not suspected called? | Amenorrhea |
| What is the first stage of development that begins at fertilization and ends at birth called? | Prenatal Period |
| What is the study of the prenatal period called? | Embryology |
| How many sperm are ejaculated at one time? | Over 100 million |
| How many days does sperm live? | 2-3 Days |
| How many days does an egg live? | 3-4 Days |
| What occurs when the head of one sperm penetrates the outer covering of an egg called? | Fertilization |
| What does the joining of the egg and sperm become once fertilization occurs? | Zygote |
| Can another sperm penetrate the egg after one already has? | No |
| Almost immediately after fertilization, what type of cell division begins? | Miotic Cell Division |
| What is the cell called three days after the fertilization? | Morula |
| By the time the cell(zygote) implants in the uterine wall, what is it called? | Blastocyst |
| Is the blastocyst self-sustaining? | Yes |
| Does the blastocyst recieve nutrients from the mother? | No |
| What two structures form in the blastocyst? | Yolk sac and Amnion or Amniotic Sac |
| What structure in the blastocyst produces blood cells? | Yolk Sac |
| What structure in the blastocyst is a fluid filled sac and acts as a shock absorber? | Amnion or Amnitoic Sac |
| What is a chorion? | An important set of membranes |
| The chorion will aid in the development of the what? | Placenta |
| What joins the mother to the baby? | Placenta |
| What will connect blood vessels of chorion to blood vessels of the placenta? | Chorionic Villi |
| What anchors the embryo to the uterus? | Placenta |
| What does the placenta form between the mother and the baby? | A "Bridge" |
| Some toxins get into baby such as? | Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco |
| What is pregnancy also called? | Gestational period |
| How long does pregnancy last? | 40 weeks, 9 months, or 280 days |
| How long does the 1st Trimester last? | approximately 1st thirteen weeks |
| What is fertilization to the 3rd day of pregnancy? | Zygote |
| What is the 4th day to the 7th day of pregnancy? | Morula |
| What is the 8th day to the 14th day of pregnancy? | Blastocyst |
| What is week 2 to 8 of pregnancy? | Embryo |
| What is the 9th week to birth called of pregnancy? | Fetus |
| How long does complete implantation take? | 10 days |
| By the end of what day the heart is beating? | 35th Day |
| How long is the embryo at the 35th day? | 8 mm. long |
| By the end of the 12th week, what has happened to baby? | Facial features apparent, limbs in tact, gender identified |
| By the end of the 12th week, how long is the baby? | about 6-8 cm. |
| How many layers of cell develop in the first trimester? | Three Layers |
| What are the three layers of cell called that develop in the 1st trimester? | Primary Germ Layers |
| What are the three Primary Germ Layers called? | Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm |
| What is the innermost primary germ layer that develops lungs, kidneys, and glands? | Endoderm |
| What is the middle layer of primary germ layer that develops circulatory system, sex organs, and the brain? | Mesoderm |
| What is the outermost primary germ layer that develops skeletal bones and muscles? | Ectoderm |
| What is the 2nd stage of development called? | Birth period |
| What is the process of birth called? | Parturition |
| Near the end of the 40th week, the uterus becomes what? | "Irritated" |
| What two hormones does the pituitary gland(master gland) begin to secrete what two hormones? | Oxytocin and Prolactin |
| What does the hormone Oxytocin do? | Start contractions |
| What does the hormone prolactin do? | Readies the breasts for the secretion of milk |
| What are the 3 stages to labor? | 1.Stage begins with labor and ends with maximum dilation of the cervix 2.Maximum dilation to exit of baby from vagina 3.Expulsion of Placenta |
| What are the three implantation disorder? | Ectopic Pregnancy, Placenta Previa, and Separation of Placenta |
| What implantation disorder happens when the blastocyst implants in the wall of the fallopian tube? | Ectopic Pregnancy |
| What implantation disorder happens when the blastocyst implants too close to the cervix? | Placenta Previa |
| What pregnancy disorder occurs in 1 in every 20 pregnancies, has severe hypertension, severe swelling of extremities, and usually occurs after the 24th week? | Pre-eclampsia |
| What implantation disorder happens when the placenta becomes detached from the uterine wall? | Separation of Placenta |
| What pregnancy disorder results in fetal death and the most common cause of it is a structural/functional defect of the fetus? | Miscarriage |
| What is the 3rd stage of development that begins at birth and lasts until death? | Post-Natal Period |
| What stage is birth to age 18 months? | Infancy |
| Newborn must quickly become self-supporting in terms of what? | Respiration and Circulation |
| Birth weight doubles during 1st how many months? | first 4 months |
| Birth weight triples after first what? | 1st year |
| Length increases by what percent after 1st year? | 50% |
| What develops between 12th and 18th month? | Curvature |
| The curvature allows the baby to do what? | Stand |
| During infancy, rapid development of what systems happens? | Nervous and Muscular |
| What begins at infancy and lasts until puberty? | Childhood |
| When does overall growth continue? | Childhood |
| At about age six what teeth are lost and replaced by permanent teeth? | Deciduos teeth(baby teeth) |
| How many deciduos and permanent teeth are there? | 28 deciduos and 32 permanent |
| In childhood, does memory increase? | Yes |
| Do language skills develop in childhood? | Yes |
| Do social skills improve in childhood? | Yes |
| What stage in life bgins at punerty and lasts until 19th year? | Adolescence |
| Are there secondary sex characteristics in adolescence? | Yes |
| Are there any growth spurts in adolescence? | Two major ones |
| What stage in life begins at age 20 and lasts until age 60? | Adulthood |
| Are all systems full mature in adulthood? | Yes |
| Is your full height reached in adulthood? | Yes |
| When does the fat beneath the skin move further below to subcutaneous level? | Adulthood |
| To nose and ears continue to grow during adulthood? | Yes |
| When do normal balding patterns develop? | Age 20-30 |
| What happens in age 30 aging? | Skin loses elasticity, hair loses color, and muscle strength decreases |
| When does the female begin menopause? | Age 45-55 |
| When does older adulthood begin and end? | Age 60 and lasts until death |
| Are dead cells replaced in older adulthood? | No |
| What does dead cells not replacing themselves lead to? | Degeneration of tissues |
| In older adulthood, do organs and systems begin to degenerate? | Yes |
| In what stage of life does the bones change in texture and calcification, become brittle and fracture easily, and degenerative joint disease may occur? | Older adulthood |
| What happens to the respiratory system in older adulthood? | The exchange of gases is not as rapid |
| What category is this?: in older adulthood, atherosclerosis, heart disease, coronary art disease, fat deposits in blood, and blood tends to thicken, flow is impeded. | Cardiovascular |
| What happens to the skin in older adulthood? | It becomes drier, thinner, and more wrinkled. Also pigmentation problems. |
| Is there thinning hair and hair loss in older adulthood? | Yes |
| What category is this?: blood flow to kidneys decreases, urine output decreases, bladder problems due to muscle wasting. | Excretory |
| Do the sense organs show decline in performance? | Yes |
| When the eye lense tends to get hard and cloudy, what is it called? | Catlaracts and glaucoma |
| In older adulthood, is there loss of hair cells in inner ear? | Yes |
| Does the loss of hair cells in the inner ear cause loss of hearing? | Yes |
| What percent of taste buds remain that were present at age 30 in older adulthood? | 40% |
| What does hormones mean? | To set motion |
| Once sex hormones are released, they trigger events that lead to what? | Growth, Development, and Ability to Reproduce |
| Do hormones stimulate sexuality and distinct male/female behavior? | Yes |
| What is the abbrevation for dehydroepianeosperone? | DHEA |
| Is DHEA produced in equal amounts of both sexes? | Yes |
| What is responsible for the production of pheromones? | DHEA |
| What are responsible for our attractions to the opposite sex? | Pheromones |
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