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sociology ch12
population
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| environment | consists of all the surrounding conditions and influences that affect an organism or group of organisms |
| population | group of organisms |
| ecology | study of interrelations between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem. |
| human ecology | coined by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, applies theories of plant and animal ecology to the study of human communities.look at individuals and populations |
| ecosystem | relatively stable community of organisms that have interlocking relationships and exchanges with one an other in their environment |
| demography | science dealing with the size, distribution, composition, and changes in population. |
| crude birth rate | the number of live births per 1,000 memebers of a population in a given year. |
| "crude" | obscures important differences among races, ethnic groups, classes, age groups, and other categories |
| general fertility rate | indicates the annual number of live births per 1,000 women age 15 to 44 |
| age-specific fertility | the number of live births per 1,000 women in a specific age group. provide info regarding actual reproductive patterns of society |
| fecundity | potential number of children that could be born if every women of childbearing age bore all the children she possibly could |
| zero population growth (zpg) | average amount of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration |
| crude death rate | number of deaths per 1,000 members of a population in a given year |
| age-specific death rate | number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a specific age group. |
| infant mortality rate | number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births |
| net migration rate | the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering or leaving a society |
| immigrant | people entering a society |
| emigrant | people leaving a society |
| migration | product of two factors. "push factors" that encourage people to leave a habitiat they already occupy. "pull factors" that attract people to a new habitat |
| international migration | movement of people from one nation to another |
| internal migration | movement within a nation. |
| growth rate | difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population |
| rate of natural increase | difference between the birth rates and death rates. for world pop. growth we look at just death and birth for immegration and emigration do not affect the total world pop. |
| composition (characteristics) of population | gender, age, rural or urban residence, race, religion, national origin, maritial status, income, education and occupation |
| sex ratio | the number of males per 100 females |
| population pyramid | age&sex composition ofpopulation can portrayed pop.pyramid.based either on absolute # or proportions.age groupings placed in order onverticle scale with youngest@bottom&oldest@top.the#or proportions that each age represents of the total are on horizontal. |
| baby-boom cohort | refer to 19 yr period(1946-1964) of high fertility |
| baby-bust cohort | (early 1970s) fertilty dropped rapidly and remains low til mid 80s |
| Malthus view on population growth | human populations tend2 increase at a more rapid rate than the foodsupply needed to sustain them.Humansconfront2unchangeable and antagonistic natural laws need for food& passion between sexes agriculture in aritmatic(1,2,3,4.)& pop in geometric(1,2,4,8..) |
| MArx view on population growth | excess of pop.(working class mostly) depends on availabilty employment opportunities, not a fixed food supply.capitalist system would force increasing # workers unemployed. marx argued socialism bc workers integrated to economy.(collectiveaction not indiv |
| demographic transition theory | holds that the process of modernization is associated with three stages in population change |
| demographic transition stage 1 (high potential growth) | societies untouched by industrialization & urbanization characterized by high birth rate and high death rate. result=pop. stable. "high potential" b/c societies control death rate and pop. likely to grow rapid |
| demographic transition stage 2 (transitional growth) | modernization has its initial impact on mortality levels.improved housing, better levels of nutrition, & improvements in health and sanitary measures bring steady decline in death rate. birth rate stays same and death rate decreases = increase in pop grow |
| demographic transition stage 3 (population stability) | modernization provides effective birth control techniques and undermines religious proscriptions against their use. societies characterized by low mortality &low fertility, approximating zero pop. growth |
| demographic transition theory evaluated | not sure if stages represent an accurate European demographic history. limited usefulness in predicting pop. change in developing nations |
| family planning | if contraceptives are made readily available and information regarding the value and need for birth planning is disseminated through a society, people will reduce their fertility. this allows investment in economic developement |
| developmentalist strategy | fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society. modernization associated with decline in fertility rate. |
| societist perspective | government fashions policies designed 2 produce changes in demographic behavior.rewarding low fertility&penalizing high fertility,including tax,housing,&other advantages4single people.education & career opportunities4women. free birth control and abortion |
| coercion | another approach to population control. general goal is 1 child per family, but regulations vary depending on living in rural or urban or ethnic minority. couples can apply for 2nd child under certain circumstances. one child policy= sex ratio imbalance |
| population loss | can create problems such as population ages, may not be sufficiently large cohort of workers to maintain institutions of society and support the elderly and retired cohort |
Created by:
lbcontreras
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