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Motivation etc. ch.9
Motivation etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivaton | The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical/psychological wants/needs are met |
| Instinct | Innate and biological patterns of behavior - biologically determined |
| Drive Reduction theory | motivation that arises from drives to push the organism to satisfy a need and reduce tension and arousal surrounding that need. |
| Primary drive (from the drive reduction theory) | Driven by a need (hunger, thirst, sex) |
| Acquired/Secondary drive (from the drive reduction theory) | learned through experience/conditioning. Ex. Needing to get money, formal smokers needing to put something in their mouth, social acceptance |
| What are David McClelland's 3 psychological needs? | Affiliation, Power, Achievement |
| Affiliation | need for social interactions and relationships with others (good team players, like to be liked, held in high regards by others) |
| Power | need to have control and influence over others (have influence over others and make impact, status and prestige are important, like expensive things. ) |
| Achievement | need to attain goals, both realistic and challenging ones (Like to be evaluated by others, want the challenge, need feedback. ) |
| Intrinsic motivation and example | Performs action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying internally. Ex. I excersise because I feel accomplished when I excersise |
| Extrinsic motivation and example | Preforms and action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person. Motivation for awards. Ex. Getting A's so that you can get doughnuts, better job performance for a bonus, good serving for a tip. |
| Schachter- Singer’s Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) | Stimulus and labeling the stimulus happens before the emotion is experiences. - bodily arousal and labeling of that arousal leads to the labeling of the emotional reaction. "This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid" |
| What is Maslows hierarchy of needs? | Human beings must fulfil the more basic needs before being able to fulfil the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence. |
| What were the criticisms of maslows hierarchy of needs? | Problems: little scientific support, studied only Americans, lower needs don’t always have to be met before moving on. |
| Order Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Physiological; Safety; Belongingness and love; Esteem; Cognitive; Aesthetic; Self-actualization; Transcendence; |
| Physiological examples (hierarchy of needs) | hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc. |
| Safety examples (hierarchy of needs) | feel secure, safe, out of danger |
| Belongingness and love examples (hierarchy of needs) | be with others, be accepted and loved |
| Esteem examples (hierarchy of needs) | to achieve, gain approval and recognition |
| Cognitive examples (hierarchy of needs) | to know, understand, and explore |
| Aesthetic examples (hierarchy of needs) | appreciate symmetry, order, beauty |
| Self-actualization examples (hierarchy of needs) | find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential (seldom reached) |
| Transcendance examples (hierarchy of needs) | find spiritual meaning beyond yourself |
| Yerks-Dodson law | Performance is related to arousal. Moderate arousal leads to the best results. Low and High arousal produce worse results. |
| Explain the Kinsey study in relation to sexual orientation | Controversial study of the frequency of sexual behavior in the late 1940s. Believed that sexual orientation was on a continuum - a range of sexual orientations. Not very good representation of different types of people. |
| QUESTION 7, CHAPTER 9 | Question about homosexuality that you've gotta review because I don't want to write it out here |
| Stress | The physical , emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening and challenging events |
| Stressors | Events that cause a stress reaction |
| Pressure | Phycological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations from an outside source |
| Frustration | People are blocked or prevented from achieving a goal or need |
| Distress | The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors |
| Catastrophe | An unpredictable, large-scale effect that creates tremendous amounts of stress and feelings of threat |
| Eustress | Positive events (marriage, having a baby, promotion) that require you to adapt or change. The optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being |
| Approach-approach and example | A person must choose between two desirable goals (cake or pie?) |
| Avoidance-avoidance and example | Choose between two undesirable goals (toothache or dentist?) |
| Approach-avoidance and example | One goal with negative and positive aspects which you must choose or not choose to do (marriage) |
| General Adaptation Syndrome. What is it, who founded it, and what are the three stages? | Three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Founded by Hans Selye |
| Alarm | Heart rate, raise in blood pressure and supply of blood sugar resulting in burst of energy. Sympathetic nervous system is activated |
| Resistance | insensitivity to pain, back to homeostasis. |
| Exhaustion | Weakened immune system, high blood pressure. Leads to stress-related diseases. Attempts to replenish the bodies resources |
| Holt- Lunstad’s ideas on marriage | Those who are married tend to have less stress overall than a single person (unless there is a lot of conflict in the marriage) |
| What part of the brain is generally related to hunger and eating? | The hypothalamus |
| When the lateral hypothalamus is lesioned (injured), what happens? | You won't eat |
| When the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned (injured), what happens? | Can't stop eating |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing level of glucose in the blood stream. Causes a feeling of more hunger once you begin eating. |
| Glucagon | Secreted by pancreas to control levels, increases levels of glucose in bloodstream. |
| Leptin | Hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food, so stop eating |
| What is set point, and how does it apply to dieting and exercise? | Your normal weight. By your 20s, you reach your set point of what your normal body weight should be. Your brain seems to know what your body weight should be and always returns to that weight. Exercise is the only way to change your set point and weight. |
| Problem focused coping mechanism | Try to eliminate the stressor or reduce its impact |
| Emotion focused coping mechanism | Changing the impact of the stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor |
| How much percent over the medical ideal to be considered obese? | 20% |
| Name 5 factors that can lead to obesity | Poverty, Hereditary (genes), problems with leptin, overeating, metabolism (slows as you age) |
| Why has obesity become more of a problem? | Less meals with family, and it's quicker to get cheap fast food |
| 3 elements of emotion | Certain physical arousal; Behavior that reveals the feelings; Inner awareness of feelings |
| Common-Sense theory | Emotion THEN Physical reaction. "I am shaking because I am afraid" |
| James-Lange theory | Psychological reaction THEN labeling of emotion "I'm afraid because I am shaking" |
| Cannon-Bard theory | Emotion AND Reaction at the same time. "I'm shaking and feeling afraid at the same time" |
| Lazarus Theory | Stimulus interpreted THEN physical and emotional reaction |
| Slow path VS High path | Fast path leads to rapid action; Slow path allows one to inhibit the old survival brain and make rational decisions |
| Right vs. Left hemisphere and emotions | Right: angry, sad Left: happy, excited |
| Explain the lemon concept by Davidson in relation to emotion | Studied children and their reaction to lemon juice for the first time. Shy children had a negative response (right brain activation), and outgoing children liked it more and had more of a positive reaction (left brain activation) |
| What emotions are the amygdala involved with? Explain Charles Whitman. | Amygdala - negative emotions; Charles Whitman - killed a bunch of people. When studied, they would that a tumor in his brain pushed against his amygdala |
| Talk about facial expressions for a bit | Facial expressions are universal (even among primates). They can be used to communicate. Facial expressions can provide feedback to the brain which can intensify emotion |
| What are the 6 basic emotions? | Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness |
| Who came up with the cross cultural studies - the idea that facial expressions are universal? | Paul Ekman |
| Explain the Janus report in relation to sexual orientation | Study of human sexual behavior in the US in the early 90s. Huge representation of people. Both this and the Kinsey report found that men are more sexually active |
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sara_hillyer
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