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psych test 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific study of the ways in which the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior or characteristics of others | Social psychology |
| social cognition | collecting and assessing information about others |
| Attitudes | beliefs, feelings and tendencies toward someone or thing |
| social influence | how others affect our perceptions, attitudes or action |
| social action | interacting one on one or in groups |
| social cognition | knowledge and understanding concerning the social world and the people in it, including oneself |
| what three things contribute to social cognition | forming impressions, attribution, interpersonal attraction |
| Schemata | set of beliefs and expectations based on experience that we apply to all members of that category |
| primacy effect | early information about someone weighs more heavily than later information in impressions of that person |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a persons expectation about another brings our that behavior from them and conforms the expectation |
| stereotype | characteristics assumed to be shared by all members of a social category |
| Attribution theory | how people make judgements about the causes of behavior |
| Fundamental attribution error | actor-observer bias; explain behavior of others as caused by internal factors and ones own behavior as caused by external forces |
| defensive attribution | attribute our successes to our own efforts or qualities and our failures to external factors |
| self-serving bias | success=my efforts failure= the situation |
| just-world hypothesis | people get what they deserve |
| interpersonal attraction | proximity, physical attraction, similarity, intimacy |
| what are the best ways to show your attractiveness? | smile, be well groomed, stand tall, be healthy |
| what makes up sternbergs triangular theory of love? | liking, companionate, romantic love, infatuation, fatuous love, empty love |
| relatively stable beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies directed to s someone or something | attitudes |
| what are the components of attitudes | evaluative beliefs, feelings, behavior tendencies |
| how do we aquire our attitudes? | early, direct personal experience imitation mass media |
| prejudice | an attitude, an unfair, intolerant or unfavorable view of a group of people, ultimate attribution error |
| racism | a belief that members of a certain racial or ethnic group are innately inferior |
| discrimination | a behavior, unfair act or acts directed against an entire group of people or individual members of that group |
| what are the elements involved in message comprehension and acceptance? | the source, the message itself, the medium of communication, characteristics of the audience |
| cognitive dissonance | perceived inconsistency between two cognitions, which creates psychological tension that must be resolved |
| social influence | processes by which others affect your perceptions, attitudes and action |
| what contributes to social influence? | cultural influences, conformity, compliance, obedience |
| cultural truisms | beliefs or values that most members of a society accept as self-evident |
| norms | shared ideas or expectations of how to behave |
| conformity | voluntarily yeilding to social norms, sometimes even at the expense of one's preference |
| what two sets of factors influence the likelihood that a person will conform? | characteristics of the situation and characteristics of the person |
| what did the Asch's study conduct? | people will conform to group pressures even if this action forces them to deny obvious physical evidence |
| compliance | change in behavior in response to an explicit request from another person or group |
| what are some examples of compliance | foot-in-the-door lowball procedure door-in-face |
| obedience | involves the change of behavior in response to a command from another person, typically authority figure |
| social action | processes that occur when people interact one-on-one in groups |
| deindivduation | a loss of personal sense of responsibility in a group mob behavior |
| snowball effect | when one dominant and persuasive person can convince other people to behave a certain way, and then those people do the same thing to the next |
| helping behavior is influences by what? | those in the situation and those in the individual |
| polarization | shift in attitudes by members of a group toward more extreme positions than the ones held before group discussion |
| what are factors that influence the effectiveness of groups | whether the requirements of the task match the skills of the group members the ways in which group members interact group size the cohesiveness of the group |
| an individuals unique patter of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that persist over time ad across situations | personality |
| represents all the ideas, thoughts and feelings of which we are not normally and cannot become aware | unconscious |
| libido | energy generated by sexual instinct |
| ID | The collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression |
| pleasure principle | the ID operates and therefore seeks immediate gratification of an instinct |
| the part of the personality in freuds theory that mediates between environmental demands, conscience, and instinctual needs | ego |
| freud argued that the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world is in accordance with the | reality principle |
| part of the personality that acts as a moral center; it represents the social and parental standards that the individual has internalized | superego |
| part of the superego that consists of standards what ones would like to be | ego ideal |
| fixations | results when at the person foes not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
| oral stage | first stage of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. |
| anal stage | second stage of personality development, occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict |
| phallic stage | the third Freudian stage, occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual or erotic feelings |
| childs sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex are characteristics of the | oedipus complex and electra complex |
| the fourth Freudian stage, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways | latency period |
| the final stage of personality development according to Freud where sexual feelings reawaken and are satisfied in various ways within mature, sexual relationships | genital |
| jungs name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud where it contains the individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences and undeveloped ideas | personal unconscious |
| collective unconscious | Jungs name for the memories shared by all members of the human species |
| jungs collective, universal human memories were called | Archetypes |
| persona | our public self- the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others |
| extraverts | people who usually focus on social life and the external world instead of on their internal experience, according to Jung |
| efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority. those who became fixated on their feelings of inferiority developed | inferiority complex |
| any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning can be called | humanistic personality theory |
| striving to fulfill one's biological potential and capabilities is what rodgers called | Actualizing tendency |
| the drive of human beings to fulfull their self-concepts or the images they have of themselves is what rogers called the | self-actualizing tendency |
| fully functioning person | a person whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials |
| unconditional positive regard | full acceptance and love of another persona regardless of his or her behavior |
| personality traits | dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways |
| trait theories have relied on a statistical procedure that identifies groups of related contracts that comprise what they identify as traits | factor analysis |
| Big Five | five-factor model referring to five traits or basic dimensions currently considered to be of central importance in describing personality |
| what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways | expectancies |
| used to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations | performance standards |
| self-efficacy | a person's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance |
| locus of control | an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control |
| objective tests | used to measure personality characteristics where they use test that are administered and score in a standard way |
| NEO-PI-R | an objective personality test designed to assess the Big five personality traits |
| minnesota multiphasic personality inventory | most widely used objective personality test; originally intended to psychiatric diagnosis |
| psychologists who use tests that consist of ambiguous or unstructured materials to assess personality are using | projective tests |
| Rorschach Test | a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots |
| thematic apperception test | method of personality assessment composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story |
Created by:
BrookeMcCullen
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