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Exam 3
Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Developmental psychology | ~Study of changes that occur across the lifespan ~Most often study children ~Reflect both maturation (biological development) and learning (environmental influences) i. Cognitive (focus on cognitive development in children) ii. Social iii. Moral |
| Broad level neural development | ~Brain triples in size between birth and 2 years ~Synaptic overproduction/synaptic pruning ~General trajectory of different areas of the brain |
| Different areas mature at different rates | ~Auditory cortex- longer than visual ~Visual cortex- first to complete development ~Prefrontal cortex- planning, working memory – last to develop |
| Piaget (1896-1980) | ~Primary contribution to developmental psychology 1. Series of stages differing in how the world is understood ~ Observational study of his children ~Method: have children solve problem and question them about reasoning behind their solutions |
| Stages of development: Four discrete stages of knowledge acquisition and representation | Sensorimotor stage: birth-2 years Preoperational stage: 2-7 years Concrete Operations: 7-11 years Formal Operations: 11+ years |
| Sensorimotor stage: birth-2 years | Information gained through the senses and motor actions 2. Directly available to their senses; manipulate and think but no reasoning capabilities 3. Symbols become internalized through language development 4. Object permanence is acquired |
| Preoperational stage: 2-7 years | Symbolic thought Egocentric processing Child focuses on sensory information Have trouble with complex reasoning |
| Emergence of Theory of Mind | Understanding that other people have different thoughts and beliefs than you |
| Concrete Operations: 7-11 years | ~Thought that is logical, only in relation to objects that are present ~Child understand conservation, pass false belief tests ~Improvement in logical reasoning ~Not good at abstract or hypothetical thought |
| Formal Operations: 11+ years | ~Thought it logical and abstract ~Theoretical, philosophical, and scientific reasoning becomes possible ~End of “qualitative” change in cognition ~Tests of Logical Reasoning- colorless liquid study ~Philosophical Reasoning |
| Critiques of Piaget’s theory | ~Underestimates the child’s abilities ~Overestimates age differences in thinking ~Vagueness about the process of change ~Lack of evidence for qualitatively different stages |
| Current view of Piaget’s theory | ~Modern theorists believe that he was generally right ~However 1. No evidence of strict stages 2. Testing is now more sensitive to infant cognition 3. Children actually move through stages more quickly than we once thought |
| Social Development | Maturation of skills that enable us to get along with others |
| Theory of Mind | ~It is important to understand other minds have intentions and they matter as much as behavior ~Critical for social interactions |
| Attachment Theory | Humans are altricial 1. Need constant care ii. Used to assume that young animals needed parents solely for food and protection |
| Harry Harlow | ~Believed infant attachment was based on more than food ~Monkeys- a. Cloth mother: never gave monkey food b. Wire mother: gave the monkey food c. Results: Contact Comfort |
| 3 primary forms of Attachment | Avoidant attachment Secure attachment Anxious/ambivalent attachment: want relationships but insecure (10-15%) |
| Ainsworth’s strange situation test | Explore environment, separate from caregiver, reunite with caregiver |
| Testing of attachment styles | Avoidant Secure Anxious |
| Avoidant attachment | dismissive of relationships (20-25%) |
| Secure attachment | comfortable with relationships (65%) 1. More socially competent in school 2. Had more positive romantic relationships than those who were not securely attached |
| Anxious/ambivalent attachment | want relationships but insecure (10-15%) |
| Avoidant | ignore, do not act upset, do not greet upon return |
| Secure | explore, upset when leaves, can be comforted |
| Anxious | cling, upset when leaves, difficult to comfort (continues when they return) |
Created by:
randikeys
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