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Exam 3
Motivation- Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivation | The moving force that energizes behavior |
| Biological motivation/Homeostasis | 1.tendency of the body to maintain constancy of internal environment 2.Allows organisms to live in variable and unpredictable environments 3.Maintenance of “internal milieu” requires coordinated changes in both physiology and behavior |
| Behavior can serve as part of the homeostatic process | Ex: blood sugar levels drop, you eat. Body temp goes high, put on jacket |
| Perspectives on motivation | 1.Evolutionary perspective 2.Behaviorist perspective 3.Cognitive perspective |
| Evolutionary perspective | 1. Motivational systems contribute to reproductive success 2. Evolution selects for animals (traits) that maximize inclusive fitness a. Inclusive fitness: fitness of similar genetic material |
| Behaviorist perspective | 1. Drive reduction theory- we behave in order to satisfy needs and reduce drives a. Needs: requirements such as food and water b. Drives: state of arousal due to unfulfilled need |
| Cognitive perspective | 1. Goals: positive social outcomes 2. Individuals set goals and monitor their progress toward them a. Feedback about progress toward the goal is key to motivating performance |
| 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | a. Physiological > safety > belongingness and love > esteem > self-actualization • Cannot fulfill higher needs until more basic needs are met |
| Biology of hunger | Involves: Hypothalamus, Endocrine System, Obesity, Biology of overeating/obesity and Causes of obesity |
| Hypothalamus | 1. Lateral hypothalamus- stimulates eating 2. Ventromedial hypothalamus- restricts eating a. After lesions to ventromedial hypothalamus, weight regulation goes awry |
| Endocrine System | 1. Ghrelin: signals hunger 2. Insulin: causes excess sugars in the blood to be stored as fats and carbohydrates 3. Leptin: signals satiety (fullness) |
| Obesity | 1. An excess level of fat in the body a. BMI over 30 |
| Risks of obesity | a. Physical – heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, early mortality b. Psychological- negative stereotypes, basis for discrimination in jobs and housing\ c. BMI over 35 = twice as likely to die |
| Biology of overeating/obesity | 1.Physiological component a.Basal metabolic rate: minimal amount of energy used in resting state b.Homeostatic set point: weight maintained when no effort is made • Number of fat cells does not change, fat stored in cells varies 2.Genetic component |
| Causes of obesity | 1.Biological 2.Environmental 3.Cognitive and sociocultural factors |
| Biological | a.Basal metabolic rate and homeostatic set point b.Fat cell size and number may play a role in obesity genes |
| Environmental | a. Diet rich in fat b. Low levels of exercise |
| Cognitive and sociocultural factors | a. Obese individuals may be more responsive to external cues • Time, taste, reward b. Obesity rates have doubled in the US since 1900 |
| John Money | A. professor of pediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins 1. Argued that gender was learned and not innate |
| John/Joan case: David Reimer | a.Reassigned as female after botched circumcision •Behaved as boy throughout childhood •Never identified with female gender b.Later underwent genital reassignment surgery |
| Guevedoces – “penis at 12” | 1. Raised as girls, but grow a penis and easily switch roles to male at puberty 2. For the rest of their lives, resemble men in all respects except: a. Beard growth is scanty b. No hairline recession c. Prostate remains small |
| 5 alpha reductase deficiency- Dominican Republic | deficiency in ability to process testosterone during development |
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome | a.Genetic males (XY) who appear female b.Cause: gene for testosterone recognition malfunctions c.“Genetic males” are feminized d.Women with AIS look and feel like typical women (i) Longer legs and arms than XX women, taller than XX women |
| Attraction and Dating | 1. Averageness is more beautiful 2. Familiarity increases liking |
| What attracts people to each other? | 1. Opposites attract vs. similarity a. All evidence points to similarity • We like people who share our attitudes and beliefs 2. Differences in sexual behavior |
| Prenatal sexual development | 1. Male: Prenatal testosterone > sexual differentiation in brain > later sexual behaviors 2. No testosterone = female a. Default gender is female |
| Arguments against sexuality | 1. unnatural a. Not occurring in nature • Homosexual behavior observed in over 1500 species b. Not procreative |
| Homosexuality | A. Badly stigmatized in recent history 1. Was a clinical disorder in the DSM II, APA changed its status in 1973 2. Homosexual acts were legal crimes (and still are in some countries) |
| Attempts to cure homosexuality | 1. Pictures of nude men coupled with Apomorphine (induces nausea) 2. Shock therapy 3. 1779-1950: Castration used to stop sodomy and sexual crimes |
| Advocate survey 1994 | a. Self-identified homosexuals chose whether they believed they were born that way, choice, environmental • Nearly all men chose born that way • Nearly no one chose choice |
| Fraternal birth order effect | Number of older male siblings has strong effect on sexual orientation in males |
| One possible explanation | Mixing of blood upon delivery will expose mother to male-specific proteins. If her immune system produces antibodies to these proteins, then these antibodies may be transmitted to later born sons in utero, affecting development. |
| Genetic component | 1. Twin studies a. MZ higher than DZ but not overall |
| Sanders et al. 2014 | a. Studied 908 homosexual brothers • Genes on two chromosome influence development of male sexual orientation |
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randikeys
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