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kinesiology
Nervous System / Vertebral Column
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name 3 parts of a neuron | cell body, axon, dendrite |
| gray matter is ________ fibers | unmylientaed |
| white matter is _______ fibers | mylientaed |
| nerve fibers are ________ of nerve fibers | conductors |
| what are the gaps between neurons (neuromuscular junctions ) called? | synapse |
| what do you call a group of mylientaed fibers in the CNS? | tracts |
| what type of neuron transmits impulses away from the CNS? | motor (efferent ) |
| what type of neuron transmits impulses toward the CNS? | sensory (afferent) |
| this neuron integrates signals from one or more sensory neuron and relays impulses to motor neurons. name this neuron? | interneuron |
| name the 4 major lobes of the cerebrum ? | frontal, occipital , parietal, temporal |
| frontal lobe specializes in 3 things. what are they? | personality, speech, motor movement |
| occipital lobe specializes in 3 things. what are they? | vision, recognition of size, shape and color |
| parietal lobe specializes in 2 things. what are they? | gross sensation (touch), fine sensation (determination of weight , size and shape) |
| where is the thalamus located? | beneath the cortex |
| where is the relay station for the body sensations; where pain is perceived? | thalamus |
| where does hormone function and behavior come from? | hypothalamus |
| name the 3 parts of the brain stem ? | midbrain , pons, medulla oblongata |
| what does the midbrain do? | visual reflexes |
| what 2 things does the medulla oblongata control? | respiration and heart rate |
| cerebellum is also called the_______ ________ | little brain |
| cerebellum controls 3 things. what are they? | muscle coordination, tone and posture |
| This cord runs from the medulla oblongata to the conus medullaris. name the cord? | spinal cord |
| cauda equina are part of the spinal chord that runs from _____ to ______ and is also called _______ _______ | L2 to S5, and horse tail |
| lateral corticospinal tract is located in the ________ _________. this tract controls _________ | spinal chord, motor |
| the upper motor neuron synapses _________ the ________ horn | above , anterior |
| the lower motor neuron synapse ________ the ________ horn | below, anterior |
| upper and lower motor neuron injuries result in ________, clinical signs | different |
| paralysis = UMN______ and LMN_________ | spasticity (UMN), flaccid (LMN) |
| muscle atrophy= UMN_____ and LMN_______ | not significant (UMN), marked (LMN) |
| fasciculations and fibrillations = UMN_______ and LMN________ | not present (UMN) , present (LMN) |
| reflexes= UMN_______ and LMN________ | hyperreflexia (UMN), hyporeflexia (LMN) |
| Babinski reflex = UMN _______ and LMN_______ | present (UMN), not present (LMN) |
| Clonus= UMN_____ and LMN______ | present (UMN), not present (LMN) |
| the peripheral nervous system consists of 3 parts. what are they? | cranial nerves, spinal nerves, plexus formation |
| the plexus formation consists of 3 parts. what are they? | cervical , brachial , lumbosacral |
| how many cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| cranial nerves can be ______, _________, or _______ | sensory, motor or both |
| On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How | Olfactory (1), Optic (2), Oculomotor (3), Trochlear (4), Trigeminal (5), Abducens (6), Facial (7), Vestibulocochlear (8), Glossopharyngeal (9), Vargus (10), Accessory (11), Hypoglossal (12) |
| Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More | Sensory (1), Sensory (2), Motor (3), Motor(4), Both (5), Motor (6) Both (7) Sensory (8) Both (9) , Both (10), Motor (11), Motor (12) |
| cervical nerves start from ____ to ______ | C1 to C8 |
| thoracic nerves start from ______ to ______ | T1 to T12 |
| lumbar nerves start from ______ to _______ | L1 to L5 |
| the horses tail (cauda equina) is located at what nerve? | L1 |
| how many spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| how many cervical nerves are there? | 8 |
| how many thoracic nerves are there? | 12 |
| how many lumber nerves are there? | 5 |
| how many sacral nerves are there? | 5 |
| how many coccygeal nerves are there? | 1 |
| cervical nerves 1-7 exit _____ the vertebra , | above |
| C8 exists ______ the vertebra. | below |
| spinal nerve exist the intervertebral foramen it divides into a ______ and ______ ramus. | ventral and dorsal |
| an area of skin supplied with the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve is ? | dermatones |
| the anterior rami join together forming a network known as a ________ | plexus |
| C1- C4 serves the ______ plexus. | cervical |
| C3- C5 serves the _______ ________. | levator scapulae |
| phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm at | C3- C5 |
| Brachial plexus serves ______ - _______ | C5- T1 |
| what are the 5 branches of the cords of the peripheral nerves? | axillary, musculoskeletal , radial, median, ulnar |
| lumbar plexus serves _____ - ______ | L1- L4 |
| lumbar plexus innervates the ______ | thigh |
| obturator nerve serves the anterior division of _______ - ________ | L2- L4 |
| femoral nerve serves the posterior division of _______- _______ | L2- L4 |
| sacral plexus serves ______- ________ | L5- S3 |
| sacral plexus innervates the ______ and _______ | leg and foot |
| sciatic nerve serves ______- _______ | L4- S3 |
| tibial nerve serves ______ - _______ | L4- S2 |
| common peroneal nerve serves ____ -______ | L4- S3 |
| muscle fibers are innervates by a ________ | motor unit |
| a organ that receives information from muscles and responsible for reflexes. what organ is this? | muscle spindle |
| muscle spindles sense ______ and _______ of stretch | stretch and speed |
| a organ that receives information from the tendon. what organ is this? | Golgi tendon |
| Golgi tendon senses _______ | tention |
| name 2 congenital defects . | hydrocephalus and cerebral palsy |
| name 5 pathologies of the CNS, | congenital defects, spinal cord injuries, disorders of the muscle and neuromuscular junction |
| name a disorder of the muscle and neuromuscluar junction. | muscular dystrophy |
| name a demyelinating disease. | multiple sclerosis |
| name a pathology disease of the face nerve. | Bells palsy |
| thoracic outlet syndrome is a pathology that effects the ------ and ---------. | brachial plexus and subclavian artery |
| carpal tunnel is a pathology that effects the | median nerve |
| sciatica is | lower back pain that runs down one or both legs |
| foot drop is | the dropping of the forefoot due to weakness and pain of the common peroneal nerve |
| name 2 events that happen during ventilation. | inspiration and expiration |
| what is the normal breathing rate? | 12-20 |
| what is Boyles Law ? | the relationship between gas pressure and volume |
| what is the formula for Boyles Law? | P= 1/V |
| how does Boyles Law help ventilation? | decrease volume, increase pressure or gas and increase volume , decrease gas pressure inside of container |
| what is pump handle and bucket handle movements of the rib cage? | elevation of the rib cage occurs with inspiration, increase medial -lateral diameter and increase anterior-posterior diameter. depression or rib cage with expiration, decrease medial-lateral diameter and decrease anterior-posterior diameter |
| quite expiration is | passive |
| forced expiration is | muscles pulled down the rib and compress the abdomen which raises the diaphragm; active |
| quiet inspiration is | inspiration while resting or sitting quietly |
| deep inspiration is | more O2 required , breathing is harder |
| inspiration is an ------ | active process |
| what are the 3 primary muscles of quiet inspiration? | diaphragm (75%), extenal intercostals (25%), scalenes |
| what are the 3 accessory muscles of the deep and forced inspiration? | sternocliedomastoid , serratus anterior, pectoralis minor |
| expiration is a | passive process |
| what are the 2 primary muscles of forced expiration? | internal intercostals, abdominal muscles |
| internal intercostals depress | ribs |
| abdominal muscles compresses the | abdomen and forces the diaphragm upward |
| diaphragmatic breathing is more------ and requires least-------- | efficient and energy |
| gravity pulls diaphragm down in------ and ----- | sitting or standing |
| diaphram has to work harder in supine / prone, but you can | raise the head of the bed |
| chest breathing is ------ efficient and requires----- energy | least and more |
| valsavia maneuver is used by | weight lifters |
| bradycardia reflex occurs with | valsalva maneuver |
| an increase pressure to ear drums and intrathoracic pressure is caused by? | valsalva maneuver |
| how many vertebral segments make up the spine? | cervical(7), thoracic (12), lumbar(5), sacral (4), coccygeal (1) |
| the vertebral column is composed of a natural ------- --------- | reciprocal curves |
| lordosis is located where on the vertebral column? | cervical and lumbar |
| kyphosis is located where on the vertebral column? | thoracic and sacro-coccygeal |
| nucleus pulposus lose------ in discs. | water |
| connects intervertebral disc to vertebra above and below and also provides nutrition. | vertebral end plate |
| what are the most mobile and smallest vertebrae? | cervical (C1-C7) |
| what are the typical cervical vertebrae? | C3-C7 |
| most are bifid and transverse formina, name the vertebrae. | typical cervical vertebra |
| -------- wear and tear between cervical vertebrae. | osteophites |
| two large concave facets, sit on top of lateral masses to accept occipital condyles, forming atlanto-occipital joint, whic cervical vertebrae is it? | atlas (C1) |
| the largest transverse processes in he cervical region is the | atlas (C1) |
| the den is only on | axis (C2) |
| name the spinous process of C2 that is very broad and palpable. | Bifid |
| this vertebrae functions on a vertical axis between and cervical region? what vertebrae is ti? | axis(C20 |
| these joints are aligned in the frontal plane. what are they? | apophyseal joints |
| what bone transmits the weight of the vertebral column to pelvis? | triangular bone |
| this canal houses and protects the cauda equina? | sacral canal |
| dorsal sacral formina transmit ----- rami of sacral nerves and ventral sacral formina transmit ------- rami of spinal nerves. | dorsal and ventral |
| this ligament attaches the anterior surface of a adjacent lamina. name the ligament? | ligamentum flavum |
| these 2 ligament attach between spinous processes from C7 to sacrum. name thee ligaments. | superspinous and interspinous ligaments |
| ligamentum flavum limits? | flexion |
| superspinous and interspinous limits? | flexion |
| cervical and cranial extension -------- nuchae | ligamentum nuchae |
| this ligament is located between the transverse processes. name the ligament. | intertransverse ligaments |
| superspinous and interspinous ligaments limit? | flexion |
| intertransverse limits? | lateral flexion |
| this ligament is located between basilar part of occipital bone and entire length vertebral bodys anterior surface. name the ligament? | anterior longitudinal ligament |
| anterior longitudinal ligament limits? | extention |
| posterior longitudinal ligament limits? | flexion |
| this ligament runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum. name this ligament? | posterior longitudinal ligament |
| the vertebral column is divided up into 2 motions. what are they? | craniocervical and thoracolumbar motion |
| name the region composed of antlanto-occipital joint, antlanto-axial joint, and intracervical region. what region is this? | craniocervical region |
| occipital cndyles roll ------ in extension and --------- during flexion. | backward and forward |
| an arc of motion determined by the cervical facet joints oblique plane is? | flexion and extension |
| axial flexion and extension = | cervical protraction/ retraction |
| inferior facets of the superior vertebrae slide posteriorly and inferiorly relative to vertebrae below. what is this motion? | extention |
| the facet surfaces of C1- C2 are the closet to ? | horizontal |
| what is the most common motion for facet surfaces of C1- C2 ? | rotation |
| the facet surface of C2-C7 are at a ---- angle? | 45 angle |
| what is the most common motion for facet surfaces of C2- C7 to? | rotation and lateral flexion |
| the L curve mostly is from? | thoracic |
| the thoracic facet surfaces are closest to the ? | frontal plane |
| the lumbar facet surfaces are closest to the | sagittal plane |
| what motion is most common for lumbar facets surfaces? | flexion and extension |
| weight of the entire trunk and upper body is transferred to the pelvis at this area. name this area. | lumbosacral junction |
| the articulation between L5 and S1 is | lumbosacral junction |
| facet joints of L5-S1 are oriented close to the frontal plane preventing the lower spine fom | downhill |
| excessive anterior translation of the lumbar spine relative to sacrum is called | anterior spondylolisthesis |
| anterior spondylolisthesis can happen at -------- | any level |
| formed by articulations of sacrum and innomiate bone? | sacroiliac joints |
| how many SIJ does a person have? | 2 |
| what type of joint is the SIJ? | plane |
| what is the primary function of the SIJ? | allows the sacrum to transfer forces of body weight to the pelvis and LE |
| nutation is like | flexion |
| counternutation is like | extenstion |
| anterior rotation of the sacrum relative to each ilium is | nutation |
| posterior rotation of the sacrum relative to each ilium is | counternutation |
| vertebral joints open packed position is | half way between flexion and extension |
| vertebral joints closed packed position is | maximal extension (head back) |
| short-arc anterior rotation of the pelvis is | anterior pelvic tilt |
| name a tilt that extends the lumbar spine and increases lumbar lordosis. | anterior pelvic tilt |
| what muscles are shorten and lengthened in an anterior pelvic tilt? | hamstrings |
| what muscles are shorten and lengthened in an posterior pelvic tilt? | hip flexors |
| short-arc posterior rotation of the pelvis is | posterior pelvic tilt |
| what flexes the lumbar spine and decreases lumbar lordosis? | posterior pelvic tilt |
| during a sit-up what muscle group shares the responsibility of the motion with the abdominal muscles? | hip flexors |
| what type of isometric abdominal strengthening exercise can be performed that requires much less activation of the muscle group? | planks |
| what causes forward head posture? | sitting |
| cervical extensors become overstretched, suboccipital muscles become shortened which produces | forward head posture |
| uncontrolled acceleration at the head/ neck is | whiplash |
| degenerative disc disease = | dehydration of discs |
| abnormal frontal plane curvature is | scoliosis |
| potential migration of the intervertebral disc; aka bulging or slipped disc is called | herniated nucleus pulposus |
| narrowing of the intervertebral foramen is | stenosis |
| if your scalenes and/ or pectoralis minor muscles are tight, it may create pressure onto ---------- -----------, causing pain that leds down to the arm or hand, | neurovascular bundle |
| annulus fibrosus has ------ rings of fibrocartilage around the the nucleus pulposus, | 10-20 |
Created by:
Shannon10
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