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Skull- Cranium bones
Procedures 2. (Cranial bones, sutures/joints..) Chap 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 bones of Calvarium? (skullcap) | Frontal, Right parietal, Left parietal, Occipital |
| 4 bones of the floor? | Right temporal, Left temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid |
| Frontal bone consists of 2 main parts, What are they and what do they form? | Squamous or vertical forms forehead, orbital or horizontal form superior part of orbit (termed SOM). |
| Smooth, raised prominence between eyebrows? | glabella |
| slight depression above each eyebrow? | Supraorbital groove (SOG) |
| Why is the SOG an important landmark? | Corresponds to the floor of the anterior fossa of the cranial vault. (which is level of the orbital plate, or the highest level of the facial bone mass) |
| What is the SOM? | Supraorbital margin, superior rim of each orbit |
| Supraorbital notch is a small hole within the SOM, slightly ____ to its midpoint. What passes through this opening? | medial. Supraorbital nerve and artery pass through |
| On each side of the _____ portion of the frontal bone above the SOG is a larger, round prominence termed _______. | Squamous, frontal tuberosity |
| The ________ on each side forms the superior part of each orbit. (Frontal bone) | orbital plate |
| Each orbital plate is separated from the other by the what? | Ethmoidal notch. |
| Frontal bone articulates with what 4 cranial bones? | right and left parietals, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Frontal bone articulates with how many facial bones? | 8 |
| What forms the lateral walls of cranium and part of the roof? | parietal |
| Parietal bones have a _____ internal surface. | concave |
| The widest portion of the skull is located between the _____ of the two parietal bones | parietal tubercles |
| Each parietal bone articulates with what 5 cranial bones? | frontal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and opposite parietal. |
| The external surface of the occipital bone has a rounded part called the ______, which forms most of the back of the head. | squamous portion |
| The squamous portion of the occipital bone is superior to the _______ or ____, which is the prominent bump at the inferoposterior portion of skull. | external occipital protuberance, or inion |
| What bone has the large opening for the spinal cord to pass through, termed ____. | occipital has foramen magnum |
| Where are the two convex oval process that articulate with the atlas? | Occipital condyles are on each side of the foramen magnum. (joints are called atlanto-occipital) |
| Occipital bone articulates with what 6 bones? | two parietals, two temporals, sphenoid, and atlas (C1) |
| What bone/s house the organs of hearing? | temporal |
| left Temporal bone is situated between the greater wing of the sphenoid _____, and the ______ posteriorly. | anteriorly, occipital |
| Extending anteriorly from the squamous portion of the temporal bone is an arch termed | the zygomatic process |
| what 2 processes form the zygomatic arch? | zygomatic process of the temporal bone meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (one of the facial bones) |
| Inferior to the zygomatic process and just anterior to the _____, is the ________, into which the mandible fits to form the ____ joint. | EAM, temporomandibular (TM) fossa, tempomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| Projecting off temporal bone, inferior to the mandible and anterior to the EAM is a slender bony projection called | styloid process |
| each temporal bone is divided into what 3 parts | squamous, mastoid, petrous |
| portion of the temporal bones that is the thin upper portion, forms part of the wall of the skull | squamous |
| portion of temporal bones that is posterior to the EAM? | mastoid |
| portion of temporal bones that house the organs of hearing, including the mastoid air cells? | petrous |
| petrous portion of temporal bones is aka _____ or ______ or _____ | petrous pyramid or pars petrosal or petromastoid portion |
| The _____ portion of the _______ bone is the thickest and densest in the skull | petrous portion (pyramid shaped portion) of the temporal bones |
| The petrous pyramids project anteriorly and toward the midline of the area of the ___ | EAM |
| Petrous ridge of these pyramids corresponds to the level of what external landmark | TEA |
| Near the center of the petrous pyramid on the posterior surface just superior to the jugular foramen is an opening called the _________ which transmits nerves of hearing | internal acoustic meatus |
| Temporal bone articulates with what 3 cranial bones | parietal, occipital, sphenoid |
| temporal bones articulate with how many facial bones | 2 (mandible & zygomatic) |
| ____ bone forms the anchor for all 8 cranial bones | sphenoid |
| What contains the sphenoid sinus? | central portion of sphenoid, the body |
| Central depression on the body of the sphenoid | sella turcica |
| What partially surrounds and protects the pituitary gland? | sella turcica |
| pituitary gland is aka | hypophysis cerebri |
| "back of the saddle" is termed | dorsum sellae |
| Shallow depression on the posteroinferior aspect of the dorm sellae | clivus |
| clivus begins where and extends to where? | posteroinferior aspect of dorsum sellae, extends posteriorly to foramen magnum |
| The ____ wings are triangular and nearly horizontal, ending medially in the two _____ clinoid processes | lesser, anterior |
| The ____ wings form a portion of the floor and sides of cranium | greater |
| Which wings of the sphenoid extend from the body? Which project from the superoanterior portion of the body? | greater, lesser |
| What are the 3 pairs of openings in the greater wings of the sphenoid | foramen rotundum, ovale, spinosum |
| Arising from the posterior aspect of the lesser wings are two projections termed | anterior clinoid processes |
| The ____ clinoids are larger and spread farther apart than the ____ clinoids. | anterior, posterior |
| The posterior clinoid processes extend superiorly from the _____ | dorsum sellae |
| The grooves between the body of the sphenoid and lesser wings begin in the center as the _______ or optic groove, which leads on wash side to an optic canal, which ends at the ______ foramen | chiasmatic, optic |
| Slightly lateral and posterior to the optic foramina on each side are irregularly shaped openings termed | superior orbital fissures |
| The more lateral, flat extensions from the body of sphenoid are called ____ processes | lateral pterygoid |
| What pterygoid processes of the sphenoid end inferiorly in small hooklike processes? and what are these called? | medial pterygoid processes have pterygoid hamuli |
| the pterygoid processes or plates form part of the lateral walls of the _____ | nasal cavities |
| Sphenoid articulates with how many cranial bones? | all 7 |
| Sphenoid articulates with what 5 facial bones? | right and left palatine bones, right and left zygomatic, vomer |
| ____ bone lies primarily below the floor of the cranium | ethmoid |
| Upper horizontal portion of ethmoid that contains small openings for olfactory nerves to pass? | cribiform plate |
| Projecting superiorly from the cribiform plate is the ____ | crista galli |
| ____ of the ethmoid helps form the nasal septum | perpendicular plate |
| the two _______ are suspended from the undersurface of the cribiform plate on each side of the perp plate (ethmoid) | lateral labyrinths (masses) |
| The _____ of the ethmoid contain the ethmoid air cells or sinuses and help form the medial walls of the orbits and lateral walls of the of the nasal cavity | lateral masses (labyrinths) |
| Extending medially and down from the medial wall of each labyrinth are thin projections termed the | superior and medial nasal conchae or turbinates |
| Ethmoid articulates with what 2 cranial bones? | frontal and sphenoid |
| ethmoid articulates with how many facial bones? | 11 |
| The ethmoid is located ____ to the sphenoid | anteriorly |
| Ethmoid. The crista galli and cribiform plate project ____, and the larger perpendicular plate extends ____. | superiorly, inferiorly |
| sutures of cranium are classified as what kind of joints? | fibrous, syntharthrodial |
| What suture separates the frontal from the 2 parietal bones? | coronal |
| Suture that separates the two parietal bones in the midline? | sagittal |
| Posteriorly, the ___ suture separates the parietal bones from the occipital | lambdoidal |
| the _____ sutures are formed by the inferior junctions of the 2 parietal bones with their respective temporal bones | squamosal |
| The anterior end of the sagittal suture is termed the _____ and the posterior end is called the ______. | Bregma, lambda |
| The right and left _____ are points at the junction of the parietals, temporals, and greater wings of sphenoid | pterions |
| The ____ are at the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture | pterions |
| The right and left ____ are points posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lambdoidal sutures meet. | asterions |
| Certain regions where sutures join slower in their ossification | fontanels |
| Cranial sutures generally do not ossify completely until what age? Some may not completely close until when? | mid to late 20s, until fifth decade of life |
| Early bregma and lambda are soft spots in early life, they are termed fontanels. _____ fontanel is the largest and does not completely close until about ______ age | anterior (bregma), 18 months |
| Two smaller lateral fontanels (so not anterior and posterior) that close soon after birth are the _____ (___ in an adult) and _____ (____ in an adult). | sphenoid (pterion) and mastoid (asterion) |
| Where are the sphenoid and mastoid fontanels located? | at the sphenoid and mastoid andles of the parietal bones on each side of the head |
| In an infant, the anterior fontanel would be what in an adult? | Bregma |
| In an infant, the right mastoid fontanel would be what in an adult? | right asterion |
| Small, irregular bones that sometimes develop in adult sutures can be called ____ or ___ bones | sutural or wormian bones. |
| Where are sutural or wormian bones often found? | in the lambdoidal suture.. occasionally in the fontanels, especially posterior. |
| Shape of the average head is termed | mesocephalic |
| Average measurements of the adult skull? ___cm between parietal eminences, ___cm from frontal eminence to external occipital protuberance, and ___ cm from vertex to beneath chin | 15, 19, 23 |
| for an average mesocephalic skull, the width is __-___% of the length. | 75-80% |
| A short, broad head is termed _____ | brachycephalic |
| A long, narrow head is termed | dolichocephalic |
| width of the brachycephalic type is __% or greater than the length. The width of the dolichocephalic type is less than ___% if the length | 80%, 75% |
| In the mesocephalic head, the petrous pyramids form an angle of ___ degrees. In the brachycephalic skull, the angle is __________, (approximately ___ degrees), and in the dolichocephalic skull the angle is _________, (approx. _____ degrees). | 47 degrees. Brachy- greater than 47 degrees, approx 54. Dolicho- less than 47 degrees, approx 40. |
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