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Human Development
The Developing Person
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Study of human development | The Science that seeks to understand the ways in which people change and remain the same as they grow older |
| Multidirectional | A characteristic of development, referring to its non linear progression - gains and losses, compensations and deficits, predictable and unexpected changes |
| Multicontextual | A characteristic of development, referring to the fact that each human life takes place with a # of contexts - historical, cultural and socioeconomic |
| Multicultural | A characteristic of development, which takes place within many cultural settings worldwide and this reflects a multitude of values, traditions and tools for living |
| Multidisciplinary | A characteristic of development encompassing the idea that dozens of academic disciplines contribute data and insight to the science of development |
| Plasticity | A characteristic of development that indicates that individuals - including their personalities as well as their bodies and minds change throughout the life span |
| Dynamic Systems | A process of continual change within a person or group, in which each change is connected systematically to every other development in each individual and every society |
| Butterfly Effect | The idea that a small action or event (such as the breeze created by the flap of a butterfly's wings) may set off a series of changes that culminate in a major event (such as a hurricane) |
| Cohort | A group of people whose shared birth year, or decade, means that they travel through life together, experiencing the same major historical changes |
| Social Construction | An idea that is built more on shared perceptions of social order than on objective reality |
| Socioeconomic Status (S.E.S) | An indicator of a person's social and economic standing, measured through a combination of family income, educational level, place of residence, occupation and other variables |
| Culture | The specific manifestations of a social group's design for living, developed over the years to provide a social structure for the group members' life together |
| Ethnic Group | A collection of people who share certain attributes, almost always including ancestral heritage and ofter including national origin, religion, customs and language |
| Race | A social construction by which biological traits (such as hair or skin color, facial features and body type) are used to differentiate people whose ancestors came from various regions of the world |
| Scientific Method | An approach to the systematic pursuit of knowledge that, when applied to the study of development, involves 5 basic steps: 1. Formulate a question 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions 5. Make the findings available. |
| Hypothesis | A specific prediction that is stated in such a way that it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted |
| Replication | The repetition of a scientific study, using the same procedure on another group of participants, to verify or refute the original study's conclusion |
| Scientific Observation | A method of testing hypotheses by unobtrusively watching and recording participants' behavior eithe rin a lab or in a natural setting |
| Correlation | A number indicating the degree of relationship between 2 variables, expressedin terms of the likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not) |
| Experiment | A research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between 2 variable by manipulating 1 variable and then observing and recording the resulting changes in the other variable |
| Independent Variable | In an experiment, the variable that is introduced or changed to see what effectit has on the dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of the introduction of or change to the independent variable |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment, the participants who are given a particular treatment |
| Comparison Group | In an experiment, the participants who are not given special treatment but who are similar to the experimental group in other relevant ways |
| Survey | A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by personal interview, written questionnaire or some other means |
| Case Study | A research method in which one individual is studied intensively |
| Cross-Sectional Research | A research method in which groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics are compared |
| Longitudinal Research | A research method in which the same individuals are studied ocer a long period of time |
| Cross-Sequential Research | A hybrid research method in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and then follow those groups over the years (a longitudinal approach) |
| Ecological-Systems Approach | Research that takes into consideration the relationship between the individual and the environment |
| Code of Ethics | A set of moral principals that is formally adopted by a group or organization |
| Developmental Theory | A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for studying and explaining development |
| Grand Theories | Comprehensive theories that have traditionally inspired and directed thinking about development. Pyschoanalytic Theory, Behaviorism and cognitive theory are all examples. |
| MiniTheories | Theories that focus on some specific area of development and this are less general and comprehensive that the grand theories |
| Emergent Theories | Theories that bring together information from many disciplines but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and systematic |
| Code of Ethics | A set of moral principals that is formally adopted by a group or organization |
| Developmental Theory | A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for studying and explaining development |
| Grand Theories | Comprehensive theories that have traditionally inspired and directed thinking about development. Pyschoanalytic Theory, Behaviorism and cognitive theory are all examples. |
| MiniTheories | Theories that focus on some specific area of development and this are less general and comprehensive that the grand theories |
| Emergent Theories | Theories that bring together information from many disciplines but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and systematic |
| Pysochanalytic Theory | A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, inconcious drives and motives, many of which originate in childhood, underline human behavior |
| Freud | Originated the physocanalytic theory. Development happens in 3 parts: Infancy - Oral Stage, Early Childhood - Anal Stage, Preschool Years - Phallic Stage |
| Erik Erikson | Proposed 8 developmental stages: Birth-1Yr - Trust vs Mistrust, 1-3 yrs - Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt, 3-6 yrs - Initiative vs Guilt, 6-11 yrs - Industry vs Inferiority, Adolescence - Identity vs Role Confusion, Adulthood - Intimacy vs Isolation |
| Behaviorism | A grand theory of human development that focuses on the sequences and processes by which behavior is learned |
| Conditioning | According to behaviorism, any process in which a behvior is learned |
| Classical Conditioning | The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, so that the organism responds to the former stimulus as if it were the latter. |
| Operant Conditioning | The Process by which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment |
| John Watson | Learning Theory |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical Conditioning |
| Reinforcement | The process in which a behavior is followed by results that make it more likely that the behavior will be repeated. |
| Social Learning Theory | An application of behaviorism that emphasizes that many human behaviors are learned through observation and imitation of other people |
| Modeling | In social Learning Theory, the process in which people observe and then copy the behavior of others |
| Self Efficacy | In Social Learning Theory, the belief that one is effective; self efficacy motivates people to change themselves and the contexts |
| Cognitive Theory | A grand theory of human development that focuses on the structure and development of thinking, which shapes people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviors |
| Cognitive Equilibrium | In Cognitive Theory, a state of mental balance in which a person is able to reconcile new experiences with existing understanding |
| Jean Piaget | Pioneered the Cognitive Theory |
| SocioCultural Theory | An emergent theory that hold that human development results from the dynamic interaction between each person and the surrounding social and cultural forces. |
| Lev Vygotsky | Pioneer of Sociocultural Theory |
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