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Ch. 5, 6, 12
Psych 101
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Describe the basic process of classical conditioning | neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus: unconditioned response conditioned stimulus -----> conditioned response |
| What was the little Albert study (including the implications) | Little Albert was shown a white rat and various other masks. Albert described to show no fear of any of these stimuli. However, what did startle him and cause him to be afraid was if a hammer was struck against a steel bar causing him to cry |
| Define punishment (2 types of punishment and drawbacks of using punishment) | positive: addition of a punishing stimulus weakens an operant response neg: removal of a reinforcing stimulus weakens an operant response |
| What conditions increase the likelihood that a behavior will be imitated? | reinforcement |
| What is conditioning? | process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses |
| Classical conditioning | learning associations between stimuli; reflex behavior, Pavlov, and Watson |
| Operant Conditioning | learning associations between behavior and environmental consequence; non-reflexive, Thorndike, and Skinner |
| Observational learning (Bandura) | learning through observation behavior of others |
| Rescorla | classical conditioning involves learning the relationships between events ; CS must reliably predict UCS |
| Garcia | classical conditioning occurs more readily when associations are biologically prepared; examples include case aversions and phobias |
| Stimulus generalization | occurs when a new stimulus that is similar to the CS also produces the CR |
| Discrimination stimulus | the specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced |
| Higher order conditioning | occurs when an established CS functions as UCS in a new conditioning trial |
| Extinction | CR will gradually weaken and disappear if the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS |
| Spontaneous recovery | a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated |
| reinforcement | increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated |
| Punishment (include positive vs negative) | decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated |
| Define memory (3 fundamental processes) | sensory memory short term memory long term |
| describe the duration and capacity of short term memory | the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds |
| Pick 4 factors that can contribute to the development of false memories (explain them and give an example of each) | 1. Source: forgetting the true source of a memory 2. False familiarity: increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event 3. Misinformation effect: when wrong info received after an event leads to distorted memories of the event 4. |
| Stage model of memory | |
| sensory memory (Sperling) | |
| Short term memory | |
| maintenance rehearsal | |
| Working memory | |
| long term memory | |
| elaborative rehearsal | |
| semantic network model | |
| explicit vs implicit (episodic, semantic and procedural) | |
| forgetting | |
| Alzheimer's disease and Dementia | |
| false memories and imperfect memories | |
| BURNOUT (explain characteristics and describe work situations that are likely to lead to burnout and steps that can be taken to prevent) | exhaustion, cynicism, and sense of failure or inadequacy (key components) |
| Describe the experience of the fight or flight response and explain conditions under which it'll be helpful harmful to physical health | |
| what kind of stressors have been found to influence the effectiveness of the immune system and the practical implications of these findings | |
| Define stress | is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a persons resources or ability to cope |
| Define stressors | |
| Cognitive appraisal model | the role of an individual 's evaluation of events and situations and of the resources that he or she has available to deal with the events or situations |
| life events and changes | |
| acculturative stress | |
| daily hassles | every day, minor events that annoy and upset people |
| burnout | |
| physical effects of stress | |
| cannon and flight or fight response | the rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to react to an immediate threat |
| individual factors that influence response to stress | |
| coping | |
| Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| What was the social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? | was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life |
| Traumatic events are events or situations that: | are negative, severe, and far beyond our normal expectations for everyday life |
| What was Pavlov investigating when he began his studies on the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditions? | the role of saliva in digestion |
| Resilience | the ability to cope with stress and adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen circumstances, and to rebound after negative experiences |
| health psychology | the branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and helath-related behaviors |
| what has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response? | the timing of stimulus presentations |
| In classical conditioning, to produce a learned response what needs to be repeatedly paired with it? | neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response |
| Classical conditioning is a process of learning: | an association between two stimuli |
| What are the two basic types of conditioning? | Classical and Operant |
| Bandura | Bobo doll demonstrated that reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur; expectation of reinforcement affects the performance of what has been learned |
Created by:
TiffanyN
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