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SALT Chp 10-17
SALT 9th Science - Chp 10-17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alluvial fan | a fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a dry stream bed in the desert |
| delta | a fan-shaped deposit of sediments that forms at the mouth of a river |
| drumlin | a low hill formed when a glacier overruns a moraine |
| erosion | general term for the carrying away of rock fragments such as by wind or running water |
| fossils | the preserved remains of plants, animals, or humans in sedimentary rock |
| Ice Age | the period of history during which much of the earth’s high latitudes were apparently covered with glaciers |
| load | the sediments carried by a stream |
| moraine | a pile of debris left behind when a glacier melts |
| paleontology | the study of fossils |
| weathering | the process by which rocks are broken down by the forces of nature |
| Charles Darwin | popularized evolution with the book On the Origin of Species |
| evolution | the false belief that the universe and all that is in it originated by natural process over billions of years |
| Charles Lyell | popularized the false idea of uniformitarianism |
| geologic column | a hypothetical time scale devised by evolutionists that supposedly charts both the earth’s history and the sequence of the rock layers in the earth’s crust |
| special creation | the belief that God called the universe and all that is in it into existence out of nothing or “ex nihilo” |
| transitional forms | a hypothetical fossil that would show signs of evolving from one kind of organism into another; a “missing link” |
| What is the most important evidence against evolution in the fossil record? | the lack of transitional forms |
| uniformitarianism | the false belief that all geological processes have always proceeded at the same rate |
| acceleration | in physics, any change in speed, in direction, or in both speed an direction |
| Albert Einstein | proposed the General Theory of Relativity, which contains a geometric explanation of gravity |
| Aristotle | a Greek philosopher whose often erroneous ideas about nature were accepted unquestioningly for almost 2000 years |
| four fundamental forces of nature | strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force |
| Galileo Galilei | the Italian scientist who first demonstrated that the acceleration of a falling object does not depend on the mass of the object |
| Isaac Newton | the scientist who formulated the laws of motion and gravitation |
| force | the pushing or pulling action of one object upon another |
| inertia | the tendency of matter to resist changes in motion |
| mass | the quantity of matter an object contains |
| mechanics | the branch of physics that deals with objects in motion |
| newton | the SI unit of force |
| speed | distance traveled in a given time |
| velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction |
| crest | the highest point of a wave |
| diffraction | the spreading out of a wave after it passes through a narrow opening |
| Doppler effect | a change in sound frequency caused by an object’s motion |
| frequency | the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a second |
| hertz | the SI unit of frequency, equal to 1 wave or cycle per second |
| interference | the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet |
| medium | the substance through which a wave transfers energy |
| pitch | the effect of frequency on the way our ear perceives sound |
| refraction | the bending of the path of a wave as a result of a change in wave speed, such as when crossing a boundary between medium |
| supersonic | speeds faster than the speed of sound |
| wave | a periodic back-and-forth motion that transmits energy through a substance |
| wavelength | the distance from one wave crest or trough to the next |
| concave | a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges, causing light rays to be spread out and objects to appear smaller |
| convex | a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges, causing light rays to be concentrated and objects to appear magnified |
| electromagnetic spectrum | an arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of frequency and wavelength |
| gamma rays | the most powerful and penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation |
| infrared waves | electromagnetic waves sometimes referred to as “heat waves” |
| Theodore H. Maiman | American scientist who constructed the first laser |
| James Clerk Maxwell | Scottish scientist who discovered that light consists of electromagnetic waves |
| photons | light is described as consisting of tiny bundles or “packets” of energy. These travel as electromagnetic waves |
| Max Planck | German scientist who showed that the energy of an electromagnetic wave is directly related to the wave’s frequency |
| quantum theory of light | states that light has characteristics of both particles and waves |
| radar | a device that uses reflected electromagnetic waves to measure the distanced and direction of faraway objects |
| radio waves | low-frequency waves widely used for communication |
| speed of light in a vacuum | is approximately 300,000 kilometers per second or 300,000 km/s |
| theory of relativity | states that all motion is relative to some reference point and that the speed of light is constant in relation to an observer |
| ultraviolet rays | electromagnetic waves responsible for tanning and sunburn |
| white | a combination of all the colors of light mixed together is perceived as this |
| X-rays | high-frequency electromagnetic waves used in medicine, dentistry, and in airport security to “see” inside solid objects |
| ampere | the unit of electron current |
| coulomb | the unit of electric charge |
| domain | a group of aligned atoms having a single magnetic field |
| electron | possesses a negative charge |
| ferromagnetic | a material that is strongly attracted to magnets and that has several unpaired electrons per atom |
| grounding | the process of diverting unwanted electrical charge directly into the earth |
| induction | electric charge can be imparted at a distance, without direct contact between the charged object and the uncharged object |
| neutral | an atom or other object that has no overall electrical charge |
| ohm | the unit used for measuring resistance |
| volt | the unit used to measure the force with which an electric current flows |
| watt | the SI unit of power |
| ammeter | instrument used to measure amperage |
| battery | a group of electrochemical cells connected together as a single source of current |
| generator | device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce electric current |
| incandescent lamp | an electric lamp that produces light by heating a thin piece of wire to a very high temperature |
| kilowatt-hour | the unit used by electric companies to charge for electricity |
| Ohm’s law | current (amperage) in a conductor is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; V |
| parallel circuit | a circuit with loads arranged in separate branches of the circuit so that the current is divided among them |
| semiconductors | materials that are neither good conductors nor good insulators |
| short circuit | occurs when electricity is given the opportunity to take a “short cut” through a circuit, avoiding the load |
| superconductor | a material that allows electric current to flow through it with not resistance at all |
| switch | device used to manually open or close a circuit |
| two types of electric current | direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) |
| advantages of integrated circuits over separate circuit components | integrated circuits are much cheaper to manufacture; integrated circuits are much more reliable; integrated circuits are extremely small |
| binary number system | a number system based on only two digits, 0 and 1 |
| byte | a unit of information equal to eight bits |
| capacitor | modern device used to store electrical charges |
| cathode-ray tube | a type of vacuum tube designed so that the stream of electrons (“cathode rays”) misses the anode and strikes the end of the glass tube, which is coated with a fluorescent material; the basis of the picture tube |
| diode | two-electrode vacuum tube that allows current to flow through it in one directions by not the other |
| doping | the process of replacing some of the atoms of a semiconductor with atoms of another element in order to increase the conductivity of the semiconductor |
| electronics | a branch of study of electricity that deals with the behavior and motion of electrons in a vacuum or in special materials |
| electroscope | simple device that uses the laws of electrostatics to detect small electric charges |
| hardware | the actual physical components of a computer |
| integrated circuit | piece of semiconductor containing an entire electronic circuit |
| laser | device that produces intense, coherent beams of monochromatic light by stimulated emission |
| mainframe | large computer specifically designed to store and retrieve vast amounts of information |
| microprocessor | a single integrated circuit chip containing a complete central processing unit of a computer |
| personal computer | small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for home and business use |
| photovoltaic cells | semiconductor device that produces electric current when light strikes its surface |
| p-type semiconductor | a semiconductor that contains many “holes” (missing electrons) in its crystal lattice |
| robot | versatile, computer-directed machine capable of being programmed to perform different tasks |
| supercomputer | the most powerful type of computer, originally developed for military and scientific research |
| transistor | semiconductor device that can perform the same functions of a vacuum-tube triode, such as acting as a “switch” and amplifying weak signals |
Created by:
kbtarheelgirl
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