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sleep bio psych
sleep for biological psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Activation-synthesis hypothesis | view that during dreams, various parts of the cortex are activated by the input arising from the pons plus whatever stimuli are present in the room, and the cortex synthesizes a story to make sense of all the activity |
| Alpha wave | rhythm of 8 to 12 brain waves per second, generally associated with relaxation |
| Basal forebrain | forebrain area anterior and dorsal to the hypothalamus; includes cell clusters that promote wakefulness and other cell clusters that promote sleep |
| Brain death | condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus |
| Caffeine | drug present in coffee and other drinks that constricts blood vessels to the brain and prevents adenosine from inhibiting the release of dopamine and acetylcholine |
| Cataplexy | of muscle weakness while a person remains awake |
| Clinico-anatomical hypothesis | view that regards dreams as just thinking that takes place under unusual conditions |
| Coma | extended period of unconsciousness, with a steady low level of brain activity |
| Endogenous circadian rhythm | self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day |
| Endogenous circannual rhythm | self-generated rhythm that lasts about a year |
| Free-running rhythm | circadian or circannual rhythm that is not being periodically reset by light or other cues |
| Insomnia | lack of sleep, leaving the person feeling poorly rested the following day |
| Jet lag | disruption of biological rhythms caused by travel across time zones |
| K-complex | sharp, high-amplitude, negative wave followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave |
| Locus coeruleus | small hindbrain structure whose widespread axons send bursts of norepinephrine in response to meaningful stimuli |
| Melatonin | hormone that among other eff ects induces sleepiness |
| Minimally conscious state | condition of decreased brain activity with occasional, brief periods of purposeful actions and limited speech comprehension |
| Narcolepsy | condition characterized by unexpected periods of sleepiness during the day |
| Night terror | experience of intense anxiety during sleep from which a person awakens screaming in terror |
| Non-REM (NREM) sleep | sleep stages other than REM sleep |
| Orexin (hypocretin) | neurotransmitter that stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells and thereby increases wakefulness and arousal |
| Paradoxical sleep | sleep that is deep in some ways and light in others |
| Periodic limb movement disorder | repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes arms during sleep |
| PGO wave | pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials that occurs first in the pons, then in the lateral geniculate, and finally in the occipital cortex |
| Pineal gland | small unpaired gland in the brain, just posterior to the thalamus, that releases the hormone melatonin |
| Polysomnograph | combination of EEG and eyemovement records, and sometimes other data, for a sleeping person |
| Pontomesencephalon | part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal by axons that release acetylcholine and glutamate in the basal forebrain and thalamus |
| REM | See Rapid eye movement sleep |
| REM behavior disorder | condition in which people move around vigorously during REM sleep |
| Reticular formation | network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brainstem; the descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portion selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas |
| Sleep apnea | inability to breathe while sleeping |
| Sleep spindle | 12- to 14-Hz brain waves in bursts that last at least half a second |
| Slow-twitch fibers | muscle fibers that produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | area of the hypothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm, that constitutes the biological clock |
| Vegetative state | condition in which someone has decreased brain activity and alternates between wakefulness and sleep but shows only limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to a painful stimulus |
| Zeitgeber | stimulus that resets a biological clock |
Created by:
jondoh
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