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Exam2 History+System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mental Philosophy/ Philosophy of the Mind | branch of philosophy that studies the mind, mental events, consciousness, mental functions, and mental properties, as well as the relationship of these to the physical body. The mind/body problem is seen as the central issue in mental philosophy |
| Rationalists | believe that mental operations or principles must be employed before knowledge can be attained. The validity or invalidity of certain propositions can be determined by carefully applying the rules of logic. |
| Rationalists pt. 2 | Agrees that sensory information is often, if not always, an important first step in attaining knowledge but argues that the mind must then actively transform this information in some way before knowledge is attained. |
| Rationalists pt. 3 | These explanations of human behavior usually emphasize the importance of logical, systematic, and intelligence thought processes. Tend to postulate an active mind. Typically assume that innate mental structures, principles, operation, or abilities w/ thou |
| Empiricists | maintains that the primary source of all knowl. is sensory obs./exp. True knowl. can only be derived from or valid. by sens. exp. Emph. the role of sens. exp. Belief that sens. exp. is basis of all knowl. Knowl can't exist until sens evid 1st gathered |
| Mills Mental Mechanics/Physics | James Mill's views of where ideas come from. Basically, it's the notion that complex ideas are always aggregates of simple ideas |
| Mental Chemistry | John Stuart Mill's term to describe the proc. by which indiv. sensations can combine to to form a new sensation that is diff. from any of the indiv. sensations that constitute it |
| Locke's Sensations | Ideas that result from sensory stimulation |
| Locke's Reflection | ideas can result from reflection on the remnants of of prior sensory stimulation (mind's ability to reflect upon itself) |
| Hedonism | Behavior is motivated by the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain |
| Utilitarianism | Belief that the best society or government is one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| Monads | The infinite number of life units in the universe that are active and conscious. Indivisible units that comprise everything. All char. by consciousness, but some more than others. Goal of each is to think as clearly as is capable |
| Apperception | conscious experience |
| Petite Perceptions | a perception that occurs below the level of awareness because only a few monads are involved |
| Limen | For Leibniz and Herbart, describes the border between conscious and unconscious mind. Also called threshold |
| Faculty Psychologists | those who refer to various mental abilities or powers in their descriptions of the mind. A faculty is a mental ability |
| Categories of thought | those innate attributes of the mind postulated to explain those subjective experience we have that cannot be explained in terms of sensory experience alone (time, causality, space, "all") |
| Categorical Imperative | the innate rational principle that governed or should govern moral behavior |
| Psychic Mechanics | Term used by Herbart to describe how ideas struggle with each other to gain conscious expression. (Borrowed from empiricist's concept of mental mechanics/physics) (although empiricists viewed it as a passive process and Herbart viewed it as an active proc |
| Apperceptive Mass | Group of compatible ideas that we are consciious of or attending to at any given moment. Contains all ideas of which we are attending. At any given moment, compatible ideas gather in consciousness and form a group |
| Repression | describes the force used to hold ideas that are incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious |
| Self Preservation | Herbart's term to describe an idea's tendency to seek and maintain conscious expression |
| Law of continuity | Leibniz's term contending that there are no major gaps or leaps in nature. Rather, all differences in nature are characterized by small gradations |
| Romanticism | phil. that stresses the uniqueness of each person and that values irrationality much more than rationality. According to the romantic, people can and should trust their natural impulses |
| Existentialism | Phil. that examines the meaning in life (meaning of human existence) and stress the freed om that humans have to choose their own destiny. Existentialism also stresses subjective experience and the uniqueness of indiv. |
| Enlightenment | period during which Western phil. embraced the belief that unbiased reason or the objective methods of science could reveal the principles of governing the universe. Once discovered, these principles could be used for the betterment of humankind |
| Personal Equation | Math. formula used to correct for diff in reaction time among observers. Rx time studies and the personal equation show that math can be applied to psych. phenomena in humans (may be necc. for psyc. to become a science) |
| Rx Time Studies | experiments that note how long it takes a subject to respond to a predetermined stimulus with a predetermined response. Wundt believes Rx time studies are one way to exp. investigate the basic elements of the mind. |
| Bell Magendie Law | 2 types of nerves: sensory and motor |
| Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies | 5 types of sensory nerves and each nerve responds in its own char. way no matter how it is stimulated (ex. eye stimulation with pressure or light waves causes visual experience) |
| Adequate Stimulation | Each of the 5 sense organs is maximally sensitive to one type of stimulation (ex. eye is most easily stimulated by light waves) |
| Phrenology | Examination of bumps and depressions on the skull in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of various mental faculties |
| Psychophysics | study of relationship b/w physical and psychological events. Served as a critical trans. b/w the study of 1. the physio. and physical components of sensation 2. emergence of experimental psyc. itself |
| Just Noticeable Difference | 1. gave 1st math formula for determining a systematic relationship b/w a physical stimuli and psyc. exp. which is important for psyc to become a science |
| Two Point Threshold | Smallest distance b/w 2 points of stimulation at which the t2 points are experienced as two points rather than as one. The aesthesiometer can be used to demonstrate this |
| Absolute threshold | smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected by an organism. The lowest intensity (from zero) at which a stimulus can be consciously detected. Used as a baseline for calculating the math for JND |
| Weber | using the point threshold and JND, Weber was the first to demonstrate systematic relationships b/w physical stimulation and perception |
| Fechner | expanded Weber's law by showing that in order for JND to vary arithmetically, the magnitude of a stimulus must increase geometrically |
| Physiological (Experimental) Psychology | For Wundt, this was the study of the indiv. human consciousness by means of self observation. Physiological meant rigorous, scientific, experimental |
| Volition | the act of willing, choosing, or deciding |
| Voluntarism | belief that people could direct their attention by exercising their will |
| Introspection | For Wundt, introspection was self observation to study the basic mental processes involved in immediate experience. He used it as the psychophysicists used it, as a technique to determine whether a person is experiencing a specific sensation or not. |
| Mental Chronometry | the measurement of the time required to perform various mental acts |
| Mediate Experience | Experience that is provided by various measuring devices and is therefore not immediate, direct experience |
| Immediate Experience | Direct subjective experience as it occurs. Consciousness as it appears |
| Inspection | an obs method through which physics (and other sci) studies the physical material world, w/o ref to the person. (pub observable and thus considered more objective). Titch def as obs of the external world |
| Introspection | an obs method thru which psyc studies the world (and the contents of consciousness), with ref to the experiencing person. Titch def as obs of the internal world |
| Sensations | occur whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain. Sensations come from external stimuli |
| Feelings | All sensations are accompanied by feelings. Feelings can be thought of as sensations that arise from the body, from our emotions, and physio states. Feelings come from internal stimuli |
| Perception | a passive proc goverend by the physical stimulation present, the anatomical makeup of the indiv. (i.e. nervous system), and the indiv. past experiences. My words= the passive combination of feelings and sensations |
| Apperception | process by which attention is focus on certain mental events. The active, voluntary proc of focusing attention. What I voluntarily choose to attend to |
| Creative synthesis | the arrangement and rearrangement of mental elements that can result from apperception. This represents an active mind |
| Volkerpsychologie | Group or cultural psyc. Volkerpsychologie investigated higher mental processes. Could be used to study language, culture, religion, morals, art, etc. The two methods thru which these higher mental proc could be studied were histor. analysis and natur obs |
| Analysis | Wundt's term to describe breaking up experience into its basic units |
| Synthesis | Wundt's term to describe figuring out how the basic units get combined into the wholistic, meaningful masses of stuff that seem to occupy our experience |
| Heuristic Value | helping to discover or learn; guiding or furthering investigation |
| Structuralism | the school of psyc founded by Titchener, the goal of which was to describe the structure of the mind |
| Stimulus Error | letting past experience influence an introspective report. To report on the stimulus object or what it means, rather than the sensations. (to name something or describe what it is used for rather than to just describe its basic elements) |
| Consciousness (Titchener) | sum total of mental experience at any given moment (what we are aware of) |
| Mind (Titchener) | the accumulated experiences of a lifetime |
Created by:
jmorris89
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