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Ch. 3 & 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. |
| Perception | The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations. |
| Sensory threshold | the level of strength a stimulus must reach to be detected. |
| Difference threshold | The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can detected half the time; also called just noticeable difference. |
| Weber's law | can detect a change in the strength of a stimulus depends upon the intensity of the original stimulus. |
| Sensory adaption | the decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus. |
| Pathway of vision | Vision is generated by photoreceptors in the retina, a layer of cells at the back of eye. the info leaves the eye by way of the optic nerve, and there is a partial crossing of axons at the optic chiasm |
| Rods | used for dim light |
| Cones | used for bright light and has the sensory receptors that are involved in color vision |
| Cornea | The clear membrane that covers the outside of the eye and helps gather and direct incoming light |
| Pupil | The opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light |
| Lens | a transparent structure that actively focuses, or bends light as it enter the eye |
| Retina | a thin, light-sensitive membrane that contains the sensory receptors for vision |
| Iris | The muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil |
| Wavelength | ROYGBIV |
| Visible spectrum | the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye |
| Trichromatic theory | the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, or blue light |
| Opponent Process theory | the types of color receptors are red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white |
| Modern Day color theory | 3 types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Short, medium, and long wavelength cones. From the eye the signal goes back to the thalamus where there are opponent process cells that begin translating the signal info into R-G, B-Y, and BL-W |
| Afterimage | A Visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present |
| Monocular Cues | Distance or depth cues that can be processed by EITHER eye alone |
| Binocular Cues | Distance or depth cues that require the use of BOTH eyes |
| The Law of Simplicity | the tendency to perceive objects of a similar size, shape, or color as a unit or figure |
| The Law of Closure | the tendency to fit in the gaps in an incomplete image |
| The Law of Good Continuation | the tendency to group elements that appear to follow in the same direction as a single unit or figure |
| The Law of Proximity | the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as a single unit |
| Perceptual Constancy | the tendency to perceive objects as constant and unchanging despite changes. |
| Size constancy | the perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina |
| Shape constancy | the perception of a familiar object as maintaining the same shape regardless of the image produced on the retina |
| Color constancy | the perception of a familiar object as being the same color under different light conditions |
| Consciousness | Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment |
| Circadian Rhythm | a cycle that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes. |
| Stages of sleep | Usually sleepers pass through 5 stages: Stage 1, 2, 3&4 then REM Sleep. These stages progress cyclically from 1 through REM then begin again with stage 1. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90 to 110 mins. |
| Hypnagogic hallucination | a vivid sensory phenomena that occurs during the onset of sleep |
| Sleep onset | the transition from wakefulness into sleep |
| REM sleep | the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed |
| Sleep patterns | * Nightly: five 90-minute NREM/REM cycles with longer REM episodes as sleep progresses * Lifespan: typical cycles emerge by age 5; total sleep time, slow wave sleep, and REM decrease through late adulthood |
| Freud | dream images symbolize repressed urges; include manifest and latent content |
| Activation-synthesis | the theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images, which are combined by the brain into a dream story |
| Sleep thinking | vague, bland, thought like rumination’s about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep |
| Dreams | an unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events |
| Nightmare | a vivid frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep |
| Insomnia | habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep |
| Effects of hypnosis | * sensory, perceptual changes * posthypnotic suggestions * memory changes, including posthypnotic amnesia * dissociation |
| Limitations of hypnosis | * not all people capable of being hypnotized * cannot hypnotize a person against their will * cannot hypnotically induce immoral or criminal acts |
| Depressants | addictive drugs that inhibit CNS activity * alcohol * inhalants * barbiturates * tranquilizers |
| Opioids | addictive drugs that relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria * opium * morphine * codeine * heroine * methadone * prescription pain killers |
| Stimulus | addictive drugs that increase brain activity * caffeine * nicotine * amphetamines * cocaine * Methamphetamines |
| Psychedelic drugs | Create perceptual distortions, alter mood and thinking * mescaline * LSD * marijuana |
| Club drugs | Synthetic drugs used at dance clubs, parties, and raves * MDMA (ecstasy) * dissociative anesthetics (include PCP and ketamine) |
| Optic Nerve | the thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual info to the visual cortex in the brain |
Created by:
TiffanyN
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