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AP Psych - Chapter 3
Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| THC | The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations |
| Hallucinogens | Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| Barbiturates | Drugs that depress central nervous activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
| Alcohol Dependence | (Popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use |
| Opiates | Opium and its derivatives such as ,morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporary lessening pain and anxiety |
| Depressants | Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| Consciousness | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
| Dual Processing | The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
| Selective Attention | The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
| Change Blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment. |
| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| Sleep | Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
| REM sleep | Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. |
| Alpha Waves | The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. |
| Delta Waves | The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. |
| Latent Content | According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
| Manifest Content | According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
| Dream | A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Notable: hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. |
| Night Terrors | A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
| Insomnia | Recurring problems in falling or staying sleep. |
| Sleep Apnea | A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| REM rebound | The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
| Addiction | Compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
| Tolerance | The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
| Psychological Dependence | A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
| Physical Dependence | A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
| Hallucinations | False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |
| Withdrawal | The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
| Psychoactive Drug | A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
| Hypnosis | A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
| Disassociation | A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
| Posthypnotic Suggestion | A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| Blindsight | A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| Circadian Rhythm | The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| Near-death Experience | An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
| LSD | A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
| Stimulants | Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| Nicotine | A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco |
| Ecstasy (MOMA) | A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health ricks and longer-term harm to serotonin- producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |
| Amphetamines | Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. |
| Methamphetamine | A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speedup-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
| Stage 1 | Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep; hypnic jerk |
| Stage 2 | Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer) |
| Stage 3 | Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls |
| Stage 4 | Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) - less blood flow to the brain |
| Stage 5 | REM Sleep; very active stage; 20-25% of nights sleep; vivid dreams |
| State Theory | Hypnosis is an altered state of conscious only accessible through calm suggestion |
| Role Theory | The social role of "the hypnotized" comes with an unconscious drive to fulfill the expectations of that role |
| Disassociation Theory | Being "hypnotized" distances a person from the responsibility of their actions and provides a socially expectable opportunity to allow suggestion to occur |
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