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Human Growth
Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Science of Human Development | seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time |
| Hypothesis | a specific prediction, that can be tested |
| Nature V Nurture | nature is the influence of genes we inherit and nurture is the environmental influences that affect development |
| Epigenetics | how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression |
| Culture | system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior |
| Plasticity | human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a certain durability of identity |
| Freud's Belief | Psychoanalytic theory: proposes that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior |
| Erikson's Belief | Psychoanalytic theory: described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis. Added three adult stages to Freud's. |
| Behaviorist | focuses on observable behavior and describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned |
| Evolutionary Theory | suggests that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits |
| Cross-Sectional | $ compares people of different ages at the same time |
| Longitudinal | $$ investigates behavior as a participant's age |
| Cross-Sequential | $$$ considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time |
| Correlation | exists between two variables if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other does. NOT CAUSATION |
| Zygote | two gametes (sperm and ovum) combine and produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent |
| Genotype | an organism's genetic inheritance, or genetic potential that is unique for each organism |
| How are identical twins formed? | originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development and have the same exact genes |
| Germinal Period | (first two weeks after conception): rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation |
| Neural Tube turns into what? | later forms the brain and spine of the CNS |
| What is the longest period of prenatal development? | Fetal Period |
| What triggers the start of labor? | when the fetal brain signals the release of hormones to trigger the female's uterine muscles |
| Where do most US births take place? | hospitals |
| Postpartum Depression | sadness and inadequacy felt by 8-15% of new mothers in the days and weeks after giving birth |
| What is the impact of the father's presence at birth? | helps mother stay healthy, helps mother manage stress, and sometimes they experience couvade |
| What is the most common chromosomal abnormality? | Trisomy 21(down syndrome ) |
| When does a newborn triple their weight? | 12 months |
| Percentiles | norms and averages for individuals (a graph) |
| Head-sparing | a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth |
| Frontal cortex(prefrontal cortex) functions | area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control |
| Transient exuberance | great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life |
| Where do babies prefer to sleep because of smell recognition? | Parents and or caregivers |
| Gross Motor Skills v. Fine Motor Skills | Fine motor skills are small movements(such as picking up small objects)that use the small muscles. Gross motor skills are the bigger movements(such as rolling over and sitting)that use the large muscles. |
| How should babies sleep to avoid SIDS? | on their back |
| Why are breast fed babies less likely to get an infectious disease than bottle fed babies? | it reduces every infant disease and as the infant gets older, the composition of breast milk adjusts to the baby's changing nutritional needs. |
| 1st stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | reflexes (birth to 1 month) |
| 2nd stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | first acquired adaptations: Adapting their reflexes to the environment. Children acquire new behaviors. Examples are sucking a pacifier differently than a nipple (1 to 4 months) |
| 3rd stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | awareness of things around them and responding to people and objects. Examples are clapping hands when mother says “patty-cake” (4 to 8 months) |
| 4th stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | new adaptations and anticipation: behavior is goal directed, and child has the ability to use signs to anticipate events (8 to 12 months) |
| 5th stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | new means through active experimentations: they become “little scientists.” examples are flushing items down the toilet or squeezing the toothpaste out of the tube. (12 to 18 months) |
| 6th stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence | new means through mental combinations: Thinking before doing, new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial and error (18 to 24 months) Examples would include eating with a spoon or playing pretend. |
| Holophrase | Single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought. "no" or "cup" |
| When is stranger wariness first noticeable? | 9 months |
| Rouge on baby's' nose experiment outcome | none of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them and 15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity |
| What is the crucial aspect of synchrony? | it as to be mutual |
| Secure attachment | an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver |
| Insecure-avoidant attachment | an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return |
| Oral Fixation | If a mother frustrates her infant's urge to suck, the child may become an adult who is stuck (fixated) at the oral stage (e.g., eats, drinks, chews, bites, or talks excessively) |
| Anal Fixation | overly strict or premature toilet training may result in an adult with an unusually strong need for control, regularity, and cleanliness. (personality that is too rigid or one that is too disordered) |
| Characteristics of a high-quality day care | Adequate attention to each infant, Encouragement of language and sensorimotor development, Attention to health and safety, Professional caregivers, Warm and responsive caregivers. |
| Erikson's first crisis | Trust versus mistrust: infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met |
Created by:
bianca573avila
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