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3312 test 3
Pharmacology exam #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thiazides | Diuretic: hydrochlorozide (HCTZ); slow onset; treats hypercalciuria bc reabsorbed in renal tubules; not good for diabetics bc serum glucose and lipids are reabsorbed as well; risk for allergy if allergic to Sulfonamides |
| High ceiling (loop) | Diuretic: Furosemide (Lasix); strong and fast; possible post diuretic rebound hypernatremia; increases Ca in urine; ototoxic: assess hearing and balance |
| Potassium-sparing | Diuretic: spironolactone (Aldactone)risk for hyperkalemia; monitor heart rate and rhythm bc abnormal K affects cardiac nerve impulses |
| Osmotic | Diuretic: mannitol (Osmitrol); given only by IV; treats anuria, increased IOP, and cerebral edema; risk for hypervolemia and then hypovolemia |
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | Diuretic; acetazolamide (Diamox)inhibits bicarbonate reabsorption, so blood pH reduced; reduced IOP and ICP |
| Hypocalcemia | look for neuromuscular irritability |
| Salt substitutes | contain K |
| Digitalis | Cardiotonic/inotropic: digoxin (Lanoxin)hypokalemia increases risk of toxicity; increases myocardial contractility by increaseing Ca++ in myocardial cells |
| Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Cardiotonic/inotropic: amrinone (Inocor) increases cAMP in cells resulting in vasodilation; short term for acute CHF when everything else ineffective |
| ACE inhibitors | Cardiotonic/inotropic: captopril (Capoten)peripheral vasodilation; first line used w/ diuretics; causes cough |
| Human natriuretic peptide B-type | Cardiotonic/inotropic: nesiritide (Natrecor)diuresis; not compatible w/ other IV drugs; n/v, hypotension, bradycardia, anxiety |
| Endothelin receptor antagonist | Cardiotonic/inotropic: bosentan (Tracleer)relaxes bv's to decrease cardiac workload |
| Sodium channel blockers | Antidysrhythmics: quinidine: No Na into heart cells, slowing conduction; lidocaine (Xylocaine): decreases automaticity with CNS dep or stim; flecainide: greatly decreases conduction, only for life threatening situations |
| Beta adrenergic blockers | Antidysrhythmics: propanolol (Inderal)prevents adrenergic stimulation causing myocardial depression AND Antianginals: reduces force of contraction and heart rate so heart can rest; used for ongoing prevention |
| Potassium channel blockers | Antidysrhythmics: amiodarone (Cordarone) inhibits adrenergic stimulation; LONG half life |
| Calcium channel blockers | Antidysrhythmics: verapamil (Calan)relaxes smooth muscle to improve coronary blood flow AND Antianginals: nifedipine (Procardia) dilates arteries and or suppresses impulse conduction; ongoing use for prevention |
| Organic nitrates | Antianginals: nitroglycerine improves blood flow to heart by vasodilation; ACUTE=sublingual; CHRONIC=tablet or patch; build tolerance within days; CONTRAINDICATED with antiimpotence meds bc of hypotension |
| Alpha adrenergic agonist | Antishock: norepinephrine (Levophed)causes vasoconstriction; not first choice bc renal blood flow decreased |
| Beta adrenergic agonist | Antishock: dobutamine (Dobutrex) increases myocardial contractility; used for cardiogenic shock |
| Alpha and Beta adrenergic agonist | Antishock: dopamine (Inotropin) and epinephrine (Adrenalin)vasoconstriction; increase contractility; fluid replacement essential; used for anaphylaxis |
| Pre Hypertension | 120-139 over 80-90 |
| Stage 1 Hypertension | 140-150 over 90-99 |
| Stage 2 hypertension | 160 over 100 + |
| Alpha 2 agonist | Antihypertensive: NERVOUS SYSTEM: clonidine (Catapres) blocks SNS messages to heart and bv's causing vasodilation; fluid retention |
| Beta adrenergic blockers (ANTIHYPERTENSIVES) | HEART: propanolol (Inderal) blocks adrenergic receptors, decreasing heart rate and contractility; check BP and HR before giving |
| Alpha 1 adrenergic blockers | Antihypertensives: HEART: prazosin (Minipres) blocks alpha receptors causing vasodilation; first dose syncope; fluid retention |
| direct vasodilators | Antihypertensives: HEART: hydralazine (Apresoline)vasodilates directly; fluid retention and reflex tachycardia |
| Calcium channel blockers (ANTIHYPERTENSIVES) | HEART: verapamil (Calan)reduces contractility so muscle cells relax; fluid retention; fatigue |
| Diuretics (ANTIHYPERTENSIVES) | KIDNEYS: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) decreases Na and water reabsorption in kidneys resulting in diuresis; risk for hypokalemia |
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | Antihypertensives: KIDNEYS: captopril (Capoten)=ACE inhibitor; causes vasodilation; causes cough and hyperkalemia AND losartan (Cozaar) vasodilates; hyperkalemia |
| Emetics | syrup of Ipecac induces vomiting to eliminate harmful substance; not used w/ caustic substances bc burns esophagus; not used with petroleum products bc risk for aspiration; not used with seizures or unconscious person bc choking/aspiration risk |
| ALTERNATIVES TO EMETICS | gastric lavage-pump stomach; ng tube cathartics-strong laxative whole bowel irrigation-drink flushes system specific antidotes |
| Activated charcoal | Alternative to emetics: CharcoAid 2000 binds to toxins and prevents absorption; given PO or NG |
| Antihistamines | Antiemetic: dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)used for motion sickness |
| Anticholinergic | Antiemetic: atropine used pre op |
| Phenothiazines | Antiemetic: prochlorperazine (Compazine)BCDTP and extrapyramidal movements |
| Prokinetic agents | Antiemetic: metoclopromide (Reglan)increases gastric emptying rate; used for chemo and diabetic gastroparesis; contraindicated with obstruction |
| Marijuana derivatives | dronabinol (Marinol) potential for abuse; appetite stimulant |
| Seratonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists | Antiemetic: palonosetron (Aloxi) and granisetron (Kytril)treats nausea from chemo; may be used with corticosteroid |
| Corticosteroids | Antiemetic: prednisone prevents nausea with chemo; serious systemic side effects |
| NK-1 receptor antagonist | Antiemetic: aprepitant (Emend) 3 day regime combined with steroid and Seratonin RA for acute or delayed nausea; inhibits some liver enzymes while enhancing others: MEDICATION alert |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | mucus protects stomach from its acid. when there is an imbalance, acid may ulcerate the stomach wall. |
| Gastric Acid Neutralizers | SIDE EFFECTS: constipation (Al, Ca) diarrhea (Mg) acid rebound (Ca) fluid retention (Na) renal insufficiency (Mg, Al)EX: Milk of Mg--diarrhea Maalox: Mg and Al together so diarrhea and constipation cancel out |
| Antacids | take 1 hour apart from other drugs |
| Cytoprotective agent | sucralfate (Carafate) prevents or heals peptic ulcers; forms gel when contacts stomach acid, forming a protective coating over ulcers to protect and heal; effects: dry mouth, constipation; must be taken 2 hrs apart from other drugs and on empty stomach |
| Antibiotics | Used in combination to eliminate H. pylori lansoprazole (Prevacid)amoxicillin clarithromycin omeprazole metronidazole tetracycline PrevPac |
Created by:
saragsaucedo
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