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A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.
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The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____.
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Biology 105
Chapter 5 Structure/Function of Large Biological Molecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____. | water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers |
| The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____. | proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| Which large biological molecule is not a polymer? | Lipids |
| Which of the following is NOT a polymer? glucose starch cellulose DNA | Glucose |
| How many molecules of water are used to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? | 10 |
| Which molecule is not a carbohydrate? Lipid Glycogen Cellulose Starch | Lipid |
| Which of these is NOT a lipid? wax phospholipid cholesterol steroids RNA | RNA |
| Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? lard olive oil beef fat a fat that is solid at room temperature butter | Olive Oil |
| A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____. as a component of animal cell membranes as the primary female sex hormone in calcium and phosphate metabolism | a component of animal cell membranes |
| Glycogen is _____. the form in which plants store sugars a polysaccharide found in animals a source of saturated fat a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls a transport protein that carries oxygen | a polysaccharide found in animals |
| glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis lactose + water ... hydrolysis cellulose + water ... hydrolysis maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis | maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis |
| Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____. glycosidic linkage ionic bond peptide linkage phosphodiester linkage ester linkage | glycosidic linkage |
| Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____. | cellulose |
| What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen? the types of monosaccharide subunits in the molecules the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule the type of glycosidic linkages in the molecule | the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule |
| Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi? cellulose amylopectin chitin amylose | chitin |
| What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages? starch polypeptides amylopectin cellulose | cellulose |
| Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _____. | humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta-glycosidic linkages of cellulose |
| Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. Both (b) and (c). (a), (b), and (c). | (a), (b), and (c) |
| Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are not amphipathic molecules because they _____. are highly reduced molecules have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions do not have a nonpolar region do not have a polar or charged region | do not have a polar or charged region |
| How do phospholipids interact with water molecules? | The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not |
| Phospholipids and triglycerides both _____ have a glycerol backbone have three fatty acids have a phosphate contain serine or some other organic compound | have a glycerol backbone |
| Lipids _____. contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates are made by dehydration reactions are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and nitrogen are insoluble in water | are insoluble in water |
| What does cholesterol have in common with sex hormones? Strong polarity. Ester linkages. Four linked rings. Causes heart disease. Fatty acids. | four linked rings |
| Proteins are polymers of _____ glycerol CH2O units hydrocarbons nucleotides amino acids | amino acids |
| What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? hydrophobic ionic S - S peptide hydrogen | peptide |
| The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. ionic bonds peptide bonds hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonds bonds between sulfur atoms | hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____ hydrophobic interactions ionic bonds bonds between sulfur atoms hydrogen bonds peptide bonds | peptide bonds |
| Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____ | secondary structure ... hydrogen bonds |
| A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein? forming hydrogen bonds with other R groups on the outside of the folded chain, in the water on the inside of the folded chain, away from water | on the inside of a folded chain, away from the water |
| A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins? an amino group a β-pleated sheet a peptide bond a disulfide bond | a peptide bond |
| You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved? | primary structure |
| All of the following contain amino acids EXCEPT _____ hemoglobin cholesterol enzymes insulin | cholesterol |
| The tertiary structure of a protein is the _____. organization of a polypeptide chain into an α-helix or β-pleated sheet unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide | unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide |
| Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides? Alzheimer's only diabetes mellitus only Alzheimer's and Parkinson's only Parkinson's only | Alzheimer's and Parkinson's only |
| Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would _____. | always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and sometimes affect its biological activity |
| What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? chaperonin renaturing protein tertiary protein denaturing protein | chaperonin |
| Which biological activity does NOT directly involve proteins? Sensing light. Changing the shape of a cell. Defending cells against viruses. Breaking food polymers into smaller molecules. None of the above; proteins are involved in all of them. | none of the above; proteins are involved in all of them |
| _____ structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein | primary |
| _____ structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-helices that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain. | secondary |
| _____structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids. | tertiary |
| _____ structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex. | quaternary |
| If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand? | 3'-TAAACG-5' |
| If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? 50 75 25 200 150 | 75 |
| The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. | hydrogen bonds |
| A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. | phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar |
| The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____. DNA to ribosomes to RNA protein to RNA to DNA DNA to RNA to protein DNA to lipid to protein DNA to RNA to glucose | DNA to RNA to protein |
| The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____. pyrimidines and purines DNA and RNA polysaccharides nucleotides fatty acids | nucleotides |
| When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid _____. a hydrogen bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second | a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second |
| One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to _____. function in the synthesis of proteins make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA transmit genetic information to offspring | function in the synthesis of pproteins |
| If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled? DNA proteins RNA both DNA and RNA | RNA |
| If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? 40 10 80 It is impossible to tell from the information given. | 40 |
| If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence _____. 5'UGCAAU3' 3'UAACGU5' 5'TAACGT3' 5'TGCAAT3' | 5'TGCAAT3' |
| How likely would there be a base of Uracil in a DNA molecule? | Not a chance because uracil is not a base in DNA, but a base in the RNA molecule. |
| Which statement helps to explain how DNA stores hereditary information? DNA contains four kinds of nitrogenous bases. DNA is made from thousands of kinds of monomers. DNA contains 20 kinds of amino acids. | DNA contains four kinds of nitrogenous bases. |
| DNA and mRNA differ with respect to ... (d) the ability to make a double helix. (c) how many kinds of nucleotides are used to make the polymer. (b) the kinds of purines they contain. Both (a) and (b). (a) the kind of sugar they contain. | (a) the kind of sugar they contain |
| RNA nucleotides contain __________ than DNA nucleotides. less phosphorus different purines more oxygen less oxygen None of the above. | more oxygen |
| Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide. deoxyribose, phosphate group, uracil cytosine, phosphate group, ribose deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine | deoxyribose, phosphate group, ribose |
| What parts of a nucleic acid occur exclusively in DNA? thymine deoxyribose guanine adenine cytosine phosphate uracil ribose | thymine, deoxyribose |
| What parts of a nucleic acid occur in both DNA and RNA? thymine deoxyribose guanine adenine cytosine phosphate uracil ribose | phosphate, cytosine, guanine, adenine |
| What parts of a nucleic acid occur exclusively in RNA? thymine deoxyribose guanine adenine cytosine phosphate uracil ribose | uracil, ribose |
| Which molecule is a nucleotide? The amino acid glycine Deoxyribose ATP | ATP |
Created by:
lrumberger