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Patho
Pathophysiology Lecture 3 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What causes Metabolic Acidosis? | Inc. H+ load, Dec. H+ excretion, Bicarbonate loss |
| What are examples of Increased H+ load? | ketoacidosis( diabetes mellitus starvation), lactic acidosis, ingestions ( ammonium chloride, methanol, ethylene glycol, salicylates) |
| What are examples of Decreased H+ excretion? | uremia, distal renal tubule acidosis |
| What are some examples of Bicarbonate loss? | diarrhea, ureterosigmoidoscopy, renal failure, proximal renal tubuloeacidosis |
| What are some manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis? | headache, lethargy, proceeding to coma, Kussmaul ( deep, rapid) respirations |
| What is a treatment of Metabolic Acidosis? | bicarbonate |
| What are some causes of Metabolic Alkalosis? | prolonged vomiting, gastrointestinal suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, diuretic therapy |
| What are some manifestations of Metabolic Alkalosis? | weakness, muscle cramps, tetany, slow and shallow respirations |
| What is Hypochloremic Alkalosis? | Na+ and HCO3- are resorbed due to ECF Cl- depletion, H+ is excreted when K+ is depleted. |
| What is a treatment for Hypochloremic Alkalosis? | ECF is expanded with NaCl. |
| What is Hyperaldosteronism, hypokalemia? | K+ and H+ are lost, Na+ and HCO3- are reabsorbed. |
| What is the treatment of Hyperaldosteronism hypokalemia? | K+, causes H+ resorption |
| What is Respiratory Acidosis? | Depressed ventilation resulting in increased Pco2 and Hypercapnia( too much CO2 ) |
| What are common causes of Respiratory Acidosis? | brainstem trauma, over-sedation, respiratory muscle paralysis, disorders of lung parenchyma ( pneumonia, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis) |
| What are some manifestations of Respiratory Acidosis? | headache, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, coma |
| What are some treatments for Respiratory Acidosis? | restoration of ventilation removes excess CO2, mechanical ventilation may be required |
| What is Respiratory Alkalosis? | alveolar hyperventilation , resulting in decreased Pco2 or hypocapnia. |
| What is Respiratory Alkalosis caused by? | hypoxemia (congestive heart failure, high altitudes), hypermetabolic states (fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis) , cirrhosis |
| What are manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis? | dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities, convulsions, and coma. Deep, rapid respiration ( tachypnea) are primary symptoms |
| What are treatments of Respiratory Alkalosis? | correction of hypoxemia or other causes, rebreathing from paper bag. |
| What is acid- base balance regulated by? | the lungs, kidneys, and bone |
| What is normal pH range? | 7.38-7.42 |
| What is the volatile body acid? | H2CO3 aka carbonic acid ( eliminated as CO2) |
| What are non-volatile body acids? | sulfuric, phosphoric acids, eliminated by renal tubules-urine) |
| What do buffer pairs( weak acid and conjugate base) do? | absorb excess protons or OH-. located in ICF and ECF |
| What are the most effective plasma buffers? | H2CO3 ( carbonic acid ) and HCO3-( bicarbonate) -polyatomic anion. pK 6.1 (low but effective because there is a lot of it) |
| What is the most effective ICF buffer? | phosphate (H2PO4/ HPO4) di and monohydrophosphate |
| What is the pk? | pH at which buffer pair is half-dissociated. The pH at which it is most effective at providing function |
| How do the lungs balance acid/bases in the body? | they have a rapid effect. Ventilation of CO2( which rids the body of acidity) , Pco2, plasma H2CO3. Happens min/hr |
| How do the kidneys balance acid/bases in the body? | HCO3- reabsorption and regeneration, ammonium formation, titratable acid formation. Happens hrs/days |
| How do the bones balance acid/bases in the body? | exchanges of Ca+,(PO4)-3, and release of HCO3-. Happens hrs/ days |
| How does the kidney ensures a H+ is released? | formation of titratable acid and formation of ammonium. These are excreted through the urine. |
| What is renal buffering? | distal tubule secretes H+ into urine and reclaims HCO3- |
| 1 fluidram (to minims) | 60 minims |
| 1 fluid ounce | 8 fluidrams |
| 1 gram | 15.432 grains |
| 1 kg | 2.2 pounds |
| 1 ounce (avoirdupois) | 28.35 grams |
| 1 ounce (apothecary) | 31.1 grams |
| 1 pound | 454 grams |
| 1 pound (apothecary) | 373 grams |
| Convert C to F | C = [(9/5)(C)] + 32 |
| Convert F to C | F = (5/9)(F-32) |
| 1 ounce (apothecary to grains) | 480 grains |
| 1 gallon | 128 fluid ounces |
Created by:
ninjaturtleshell12
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