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What is bioenergetics?
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What is metabolism?
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EXS 349 Ch 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is bioenergetics? | Energy transformation and metabolism. |
| What is metabolism? | Chemical processes involved with ATP production and breakdown; Refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within the body. |
| What is Metabolic Rate? | The amount of energy expended in a given time. |
| What is the difference between BMR and RMR? | BMR is the minimum amount of energy that you need to live and measured strictly in laboratory and is precise. RMR is resting metabolic the rate at which your body burns energy when it is at complete rest. |
| What factors influence RMR? | Age, sex, bod composition, ambient temp, food (fed vs starv), drugs |
| What are the various equations to quantify RMR? | Miffin-St. Jeon? Equation for healthy, sedentary caucasian adults and Cunningham Equation for Athletes ex: RMR= 500 + 22 (FFM KG) |
| What is the simplified RMR formula? | Men: 1 kal perKG per hour; women: .9 kcal perkg per hour |
| What are the 3 major energy systems that rephosphorylates ATP? | 1) creatine Phosphate system (ATP-PI- system, phosphagen system) 2) glycolysis (anaerobic [rapid]) 3) oxidative phosporylation (aerobic glycolysis [slow]) |
| What is he purpose of rephosphorylating ATP? | To provide ATP for muscle conraction |
| What is creatine? | N-containing compoind constructed from arginine, glycine, and methionine |
| Exogenous sources? | Animal and Fish |
| Endogenous sources? | Liver and kidneys if the specified AA are available |
| What is creatine phosphate (CrP)? | Potential energy is stored between the phosphate group and creaine; Energy is released when P is separated from creatine; Purpose: to rephosphorylate ADP and ATP |
| What is the creatine phosphate (CrP) system? | Very fast, 1-step chemical reaction involved w/ATP breakdown and repletion; ATP rephosphorylation is catalyzed by creatine phosphokinase (CPK or CK); Predominant energy system in very high intensity, anaerobic exercise (ex:0-10 s, explosive events) |
| How does the body replenish CRP? | Creatine shuttle hyypothesis; 1-2 min to replenis CrP |
| Main characteristics of glycolysis? | Purpose: CHO metabolism; anaerobic: end product is lactate (1-2 min>85%); Aerobic: by product is pyruvate (2+ min duration<85%) |
| What are glucose transporters? | "Doors" for substrates to get into a cell; glucose transporter 1- non insulin mediated; Glucose Transporter 4- Insulin mediated |
| What happens to the glucose molecule once it enters the cell? | Glucose becomes phosphorylated via ATP; 1) glucose enter te cell via Glute 1&4 2) hexokinase breaks down ATP 3) Phosphate group is placed on the 6Th position of the glucose molecule *Glucose 6-Phosphate (G6-P)* |
| Why is glucose phosphorylation critical? | it "traps" the glucose w/in the cell at the expense of ATP; G-6P is now primed for glycosis |
| What are the metablic fates of pyruvate? | 1. Aerobic glycolysis (Acetyl CoA) 2. Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid) |
| What is he metabolic fate of Acetyl-CoA? | Krebs cycle |
| What is the metabolic fate of lactic acid? | Lactate |
| Is lactate good or bad? | Both, Its acidic, lower plasma pH (i.e. metabolic acidosis) and lower ATP production; good because its 2 way reaction btween pyruvate and lactate; increase lactate will be converted to pyruvate; ex: heart and liver. |
| What are the end-products of anaerobic glycolysis? | 2 ATP molecules; 2 lactic acid molecules |
| What are the end products of aerobic glycolysis? | 2 ATP molecules; 2 NADH; 2 pyruvate molecules (Acetyl CoA) |
| Main characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation? | Aerobic, slow, potentially unlimited duration; pre-dominant energy system in endurance exercise.. ex: long distance events. |
| Main function of Krebs cycle? | To remove electrons (oxidize) from the compounds produced from the breakdown of CHO, PRO, and FAT |
| Where do the electrons go? | NAD+ and FAD accepts (i.e. reduction)& transports the electrons to the ETS to produce ATP |
| What is NAD+? | Hydrogen and electon carrier (FAD too);malate-aspartate shuttle and glycerol-phosphate shuttle carries the NAD+ molecules to the electron transport system. Once the NADH arrives in te ETS it prodcues 3 ATP molecules |
| What is FAD? | same as NAD+ but produces 2 ATP molecules |
| What is the ETS? | A series of electron-passing reactions that provide energy fro ATP formation |
| How is ATP produced within he ETS? | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (1-8 step in packet... study it) |
| In regards to CHO metabolism, with one glucose molecule, what are the byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation? | Aerobic Glycolysis: 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvae molecules. Pyruvate converted to Acetyl-CoA: 2 NADH... Oxidative Phos: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP.... 1 glucose = 38 ATP molecules |
| Why does glycogen produce 39 ATPS compared to the 38 ATPS prodcued from glucose? | 1-5 in packet |
| What is glycogenesis? | production of glycogen |
| What is glycogenolysis? | break down of glycogen |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | Create new glucsoe from non carboyrate sources (lip, la, lac) |
| What is (are) the differences between muslce glycogenolysis and liver glycogenolysis? | muslce: glycogen stored w/in the muslces, when broken down, glucose is released and used for ATP producion w/in muslces. Liver: glycogen stored w/in the liver, when broken down, glucose is released and goes into the bloodstream to measure plasma glucose. |
| What is the main energy source from lipids? | Triglyceride (TG)- 3 fatty acids (FA), 1 glycerol |
| What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down TGs? | Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL); To cleave the 3 FA from the glycerol molecule |
| What is the metabolic fate of FA? | Goes into Beta oxidation |
| What is Beta oxidation? | 4 chemical step process whereby 2-c segments (i.e. acetic acid) are cleaved of fthe FA chain *acetic acid is converted to Acetyl-CoA* |
| What is the metabolic fate of gllycerol? | Glycerol (via 3 enzymes) enters the glycolytic pathway as glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate |
| Note: 1 cycle of beta oxidation will produce 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 and... | 1 acetyl-CoA |
| How many ATP molecules will 1 cycle of beta oxidation produce? | 12 ATP (look at kreb cycle) + 3 NADH + 2 FADH2= 17 ATPS |
| What prodcues more ATP molucles, one palmitic FA molucel or one glucose molecule? | Palmitic |
| Fundamentally, what are proteins? | AMino acids |
| What are amino acids? | chemical compoinds containing C,H, O, N |
| What distinguishes PRO from CHO, FAT, and alcohol? | Nitrogen |
| Why is the oyd is reluctant in using PRO as a source of enery? | AA extracted from lean tissue will be used as a source of ATP (willl happen during prolonged exercise or state of starvation) |
| What are enzymes? | Proteins, specifically, functional protiens. |
| What is the function of enzymes? | Regulates the rate of chemical reations |
| How does an enzyme regulate the rate of reaction? | Lowers the "energy of activation" needed to start a chemical reaction |
| What is a rate-limiting enzyme (RLE)? | An enzyme that reglates the rate of a metabolic pathway ... think of a dimmer swtich fro ma specific chemical reaction |
| What is the RLE for the CrP system? | Creatine Kinase |
| What is the RLE for glycolysis | Phosphofructosekinase |
| What is the RLE for the ETS? | Cytochrome Oxidase |
| What are the main modulators for these RLE? | Stimulators: ADP and Pi -> Your muslces reak these down Inhibitor: ATP -> large surplus means you dont need to make more |
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