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History/Basics Psych
AP Psychology
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Aristotle | Thought intelligence - heart |
Descartes | Founder - modern philosophy (concept of dualism) |
John Locke | Created idea of tabula rasa |
Wilhelm Wundt | Father of psych - wanted separation of psych from other sciences. First psych lab - Germany. Studied psychophysics. |
Stanley Hall | Took psych to America - founded American Psych Association |
Titchener | Started structuralism - components of consciousness |
William James | Started functionalism - purpose of consciousness (no components - consciousness is a "stream") |
Watson / Skinner | Studied behaviorism - no scientific method b/c consciousness is not provable (bell-drool / stimulus-response) |
Freud | Studied the unconscious and how it affects behavior |
Dualism | Idea that mind and body are separate entities |
Tabula rasa | Humans born without any knowledge: all learned with experience / sensory perception |
Psychophysics | Focuses on people's awareness of immediate experience |
Structuralism | Identifying / examining fundamental components of conscious experience |
Introspection | Careful observation of one's own conscious experience |
Functionalism | Psych should only investigate purpose of consciousness |
Natural selection | Characteristics that give species survival advantage will be selected over time |
Behavioral | Psych can and should only study observable behavior |
Gestalt | Means "whole." Study of perception |
Phi phenomenon | Illusion of movement with visual stimuli in quick succession |
Unconscious | Thoughts, memories, feelings below consciousness that affect behavior |
Psychoanalytical | Tries to explain personality, motivation, disorders by focusing on unconscious (especially during childhood) (resisted because people couldn't control consciousness) |
Humanistic | Psychoanalytical + behaviorism. Emphasized unique qualities of humans for freedom / growth (optimistic). Different than animals. |
Ethnocentrism | Idea that one's group is more superior to others - basis for judging others' ways |
Evolutionary | Natural selection. Males better at spatial / visual tasks EXCEPT memory for locations. Critics: not provable. |
Cognitive | Human behavior not able to be explained without examining how we acquire, store, and process info. Mind + body reciprocally influence e/o |
Biological | Behavior can be explained in terms of body structure / biochemical processes that underlie behavior |
Skinner | Studied behaviorism - repetition of responses if they lead to a positive outcome (studied animals). Said free will was illusion |
Applied psych | Concerned with everyday / practical problems. (School of psych, counseling psych, Industry / Organizational psych) |
Clinical psych | Concerned with treatment / diagnosis of psych disorders |
Empiricism | Knowledge should be acquired through direct observation |
Behavior | Any overt response /activity by organism |
Critical thinking | Use of cognitive skills to increase probability of required outcome |
Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology | Branch of psych - application of psych in the work place |
Psychiatrists | Physicians specializing in treatment / diagnosis of psych disorders |
Social psych | Branch of psych - way individuals' thoughts / feelings / behaviors influenced by other people |
Theory | System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
Personality | Studies the differences among people in such traits as self esteem |
Physiological | Investigate the extent to which behavior is caused by physical and chemical processes |
Psychometrics | Develops psych tests |
Psych Education | Develops psych curriculum |