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Psychology Exam 1
Aug 29-Sep19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| traits | characteristic ways of behaving |
| trait theory | a theory about what basic traits appear in people's personalities |
| Gordan Allport's distinguished traits | cardinal trait, central traits, secondary trait |
| cardinal trait | very powerful, but rare. a single characteristic that defines a persons life |
| central traits | a general characteristic about a person, easily observed |
| secondary traits | characteristics that show up only in specific circumstances |
| Gordon Allport | started with 18,000 words and 4,500 describing traits, condensed down to 3 traits |
| Raymond Cattell | used factor analysis to study traits and found many personality related terms are related |
| Raymond Cattell | 16 personality factor theory |
| Big Five Theory | a model of personality that consists of 5 basic traits. |
| Big Five Theory traits | OCEAN openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
| openness | 5 factor theory traits high: curious, creative, imaginative |
| Conscientiousness | 5 factor theory traits high: responsible, self-disciplined, organized |
| extroversion | 5 factor theory traits high: outgoing, energetic, bold |
| agreeableness | 5 factor theory traits high: good-natured, cooperative |
| neuroticism | 5 factor theory trait highs: anxious, stressed |
| reciprocal determinism | life experiences shape our personality and our personality also determines our life experiences |
| traits | characteristic ways of behaving |
| Gordon Allport | organized 4500 words about personality into 3 categories of traits |
| cardinal traits | a trait that dominates your entire personality and hence you life-not very common |
| central traits | multiple traits that make up a persons personality |
| secondary traits | trait that is present under certain circumstances and include preferences and attitudes-not as obvious |
| Raymond Cattail | personalities are made up of the same traits, we differ in the degree to which it is expressed |
| Raymond Cattail | identified 16 factors of dimensions of personality; each trait is scored high to low |
| personality | distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes and individual throughout life |
| personality trait | a part of one's personality: a particular and habitual way of thinking and acting |
| extrovert | a kind of person who seeks stimulation and is sociable and impulsive |
| introvert | a kind of person who avoids stimulation and is low-key and cautious |
| temperment | the inborn, genetically based personality differences |
| 5 factor model | accurately approximates the basic trait dimensions as the Big Five personality traits OCEAN |
| openness | tend to be curious and have a wide range of interests |
| openness | characterized by imagination, feelings, actions and ideas |
| conscientiousness | hard working and dependable |
| conscientiousness | characterized by competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness and achievement-striving |
| extroversion | outgoing and warm |
| extroversion | characterized by sociability, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, and emotional expression |
| agreeableness | pleasant cooperative, trustworthy, and good natured |
| neurotocism | tendency to experience negative emotions |
| neurotocism | tend to experience emotional instability and are characterized as angry, impulsive, and hostile |
| reciprocal determinism | in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each influencing the others |
| cognitive processes | refer to characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics |
| behavior | anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished |
| context | where the behavior that occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding/punishing stimuli |
| social-cognitive theory | emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality |
| self-efficacy | our level of confidence in our own abilities |
| locus of control | our belief about the power we have over our lives |
| trait theories | describe individuals in terms of personality traits |
| humanistic theories | describe individuals in term of internal motivations |
| self-actualization | a state of being in which one is at peace with oneself and with others, on has achieved a meaningful and satisfying life |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of needs | phsyiological needs; safety; belongingness; esteem; self-actualization |
| physiological needs | most basic needs (food, air) |
| safety | shelter, security |
| belongingness | basic social needs |
| esteem | respect from others; self-respect |
| self-actualization | to become complete, lead a meaningful and satisfying life |
| Roger's Theory | personality is shaped by the need for self-actualization and positive regard from others |
| the 2 types of positive regard | unconditional positive regard, and conditional positive regard |
| unconditional positive regard | one receives unqualified love and acceptance from others |
| conditional positive regard | love and acceptance from others is contingent upon ones behavior |
| psychodynamic theory was created by: | Sigmund Freud |
| the 2 drives that underlay all human behavior | Libido, thanatos |
| libido | often manifested as the sex-drive, a life force that energizes all human behavior |
| thanatos | a death force-anger self-destructive, procastinating |
| opposite of libido | thanatos |
| opposite of thanatos | libido |
| structure of mind: conscious | mind is represented as the small visible portion of an iceberg |
| structure of mind: conscious | the smallest part of the mind and includes what we are thinking about |
| structure of mind: preconscious | mind is represented as the part of an iceberg that is level with waves |
| structure of mind: preconscious | includes thoughts and feelings that are temporarily outside of our awareness. on the tip of your tongue |
| structure of mind: unconscious | represented as the submerged portion of an iceberg |
| structure of mind: unconscious | largest part of the mind and is always outside of our awareness |
| ID | works on pleasure principle, aggressive and destructive |
| Ego | reality principle, thinking and reasoning |
| superego | how to act good and be a good person |
| humanism | free will-environment has nothing to do with it |
| Abraham moslow | humanist |
| Abraham moslow | made self-actualization pyramid |
| carl rogers | main ideas was self-concept, our thoughts and feeling about ourselves |
| self-concept | out thoughts and feelings about ourselves |
| carl rogers divided self into 2 categories | ideal self; real self |
| ideal self | person you would like to be |
| real self | person you actually are |
| congruence | when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar |
| unconditional positive regard | unconditional love |
| inconcruence | very different ideal self and real self |
| Sigmund frued | levels of consciousness:iceburg |
| conscience | having knowledge, award. 1/10 of mind |
| unconscious | mental activity that we are unaware of 9/10 of mind |
| Unconscious example | freudian slip |
| freudian slip | say a different word than the one we ment |
| Id | contains most primitive drives, urges |
| Id | biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drive |
| superego | conscience, right from wrong |
| superego | internal how to act good and be a good person |
| ego | rational part of our personality |
| ego | balances superego and id |
| ego | makes our personality. balance of superego and id |
| neurosis | experience negative emotions because ego isn't balancing id and superego well enough. anxiety |
| defense mechanisms | unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety |
| the 8 defense mechanisms | denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimination |
| denial | refusing to accept real events because they're unpleasant |
| displacement | transferring inappropriate urges or behavior onto a more acceptable or less threatening target |
| projections | attributing unacceptable desires to others |
| rationalization | justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons |
| reaction formation | reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs |
| regression | returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development |
| sublimation | redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels |
| psychosexual stage of development | a child's pleasure seeking urges that each person must pass through |
| oral stage | child weaning off breast or bottle. adult fixation smoking or overeating |
| anal stage | child toilet training, adult neatness or messinness |
| phallic stage | anger and resentment towards same sex parent |
| latency period | sexual feeling are dormant and children generally engage in activities with peers of same sex |
| genital stage | sexual reawakening, have mature sexual interests for the opposite sex |
| defense mechanisms | serious, long-lasting conflicts arise between the need of the id ego and superego causing guilt and anxiety-protect a person from unwanted emotions |
| denial | refuses to acknowledge source of anxiety |
| displacement | directing dangerous impulses towards safe objects or into acceptable activities |
| projection | the act of attributing unacceptable thoughts or emotions to others |
| reaction formation | behavior is the exact opposite of a dangerous impulse |
| regression | a reversion to an earlier stage of development |
| repression | the removal of unacceptable thoughts or emotions to the unconscious |
| psychosexual development | Freud-personality is shaped by ones ability to gratify the libido |
| fixation | a part of the libido remains attached to a specific part of the body |
| libido | the energy of the sexual drive as a component of the life instinct. |
| fixation | a part of the libido remains attached to a specific part of the body |
| denial | man physically can't get better. wife still tells him he is going to recover |
| displacement | man is unhappy at work, goes home and beats wife |
| projection | man wants to have an affair. accuses his wife of being attracted to other men |
| reaction formation | tells everyone he hates gays, he is gay |
| regression | curls up in feeble condition |
| repression | physically abused as a child, cant remember it |
| oral stage | 0-1 libido attached to mouth |
| anal stage | 2-3 libido attached to anus |
| phallic stage | 3-6 libido attached to the genitals. wants opposite sex parent |
| latency stage | 5-11 libido takes a break |
| genital stage 12+ | 12+ libido attached to genitals sexual urges, mature, adult sexuality |
| oral stage | gratification-sucking, swallowing, chewing, biting |
| anal stage | gratification-holding and releasing feces |
| phallic stage | gratification-masturbating |
| latency stage | take a break, overwhelmed by wanting opposite sex parent |
| genital stage | mature adult sex |
| short term memory | temporary storage for mew information. 7 units, 30 seconds |
| long term | 'permanent' st |
| cognitive psychology | the study of information processing major topics include: attention, learning, and memory |
| cocktail party effect | suggests we are paying at least some attention to stimuli ;filtering; that we are ignoring. hear our name said in a huge crowd of people |
| conscious | what we are thinking about at the moment |
| subconscious | thought processes performed automatically |
| automatically | without active awareness |
| nonconscious | includes the 'aha!' experienced intuition |
| limited congnitive resources | the finite mental resources available o an individual when problem solving, information processing and other mental activites |
| concepts | mental categories used to classify people, things, or events |
| cognitive schema | embodies everything a person has learned about a concept |
| proposition | single ideas within a network |
| spreading activation | thought travels along propositions and between concepts |
| priming | a stimulus that influences the direction thought travels, or how quickly information is processed. more quickly recognize wolf after seeing dog than squid |
| prototype theory | every concept includes a prototype (a model of the most typical features of the concept) |
| sensory memory | memory from the senses (fleeting) |
| short-term memory | information that we are actively thinking about (also known as working memory) |
| long-term memory | information that has been stored 'permanently' |
| declarative memory | things we can descfibe, like factual information and personal experiences |
| procedural memory | things we can do |
| ways to improve short term memory | rehersal, chunking |
| rehersal | repeat information to improve duration |
| chunking | group small bits into larger wholes |
| cognition | thinking and it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory |
| cognitive psychology | field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think |
| concepts | categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. big ideas that are generated by observing details, and combining these details into cognitive structures |
| prototype | the best example or representation of a concept |
| schema | a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts methods of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently |
| memory | the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time |
| storage | the creation of a permanent record of information |
| sensory memory | storage of brief sensory events, such as sights. sounds. and tastes, very brief, only a couple of seconds |
| short-term memory | temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory-takes information from sensory information and sometimes connects it to long term memory |
| short term memory | 7 bits, 30 seconds |
| long-term memory | continuous storage of information, no limits |
| procedural memory | stores information on how to do things, a memory for skilled actions |
| declarative memory | has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced |
| retrieval | the act of getting information our of memory storage and back into conscious awareness |
| forgetting | the loss of information from long-term memory |
| proactive interference | when old information hinders the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information |
| chunking | when you organize information into manageable bits or chunks |
| encoding | what determines whether information will be encoded (transferred from short term to long term memory) |
| serial-position effect | 1st and last items from a list are most likely to be remembered |
| ensures encoding | rote rehearsal, spaced practice, elaborative rehearsal |
| rote rehearsal | practice learning again and again |
| spaced practice | don't do it all at once, space it out |
| elaborative rehearsal | a strategy of associating a target stimulus with other information at the time of encoding |
| elaborative rehersal | how information gets into long-memory |
| elaborative rehersal | dull knife made sharp, |
| rote rehersal | dull knife used repeatedly |
| interference | there is an interaction between new information and old information that inhibits learning or memory |
| proactive interference | old information about a topic interferes with learning new information about a topic |
| retroactive interference | new information interferes with remembering old information |
| declarative memory | knowing something is true |
| from start to long term | sensory>pay attention>short term>encode>long-term |
| propositions | individual parts of a cognitive schema |
| id | gorilla |
| superego | grandma |
| ego | balancer, in the middle |
| factor analysis OCEAN | Raymond Catell |
| denial | kalia refuses to admit she has an alcohol problem although she is unable to go a single day without drinking excessively |
| displacement | during lunch at a restaurant, mark is angry at his older brother, but doesn't express it and instead is verbally abusive to the server |
| projection | chris often cheats on her boyfriend because she suspects he is already cheating on her |
| rationalization | kim failed his history course because he didn't study or attend class, but he told his roommates that he failed because the professor didn't like him |
| reaction formation | naida is angry with her coworker beth for always arriving late to work after a night of partying, but she is nice and agreeable to betha dn affirms that partying as 'cool' |
| regression | after failing to pass his doctoral examination, greg spends days in bed cuddling his favorite childhood toy |
| repression | emily cannot remember her grandfather's fatal heart attack, although she was present |
| sublimation | george's desire for revenge on the drunk driver who killed his son is channeled into a community support group for people who've lost loved ones to drunk driving |
| social cognitive theory vs personality | reciprocal determination |
| frued's psychodynamic theory | id ego superego |
Created by:
cassidy.limke
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