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Medical Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| There are 4 types of drugs: | Non-Rx/OTC, Legend/Rx, Controlled/Schedule, and Dietary Supplements |
| Non-Rx drugs are also known as: | OTC |
| Legend drugs are: | drugs that requires a Rx. |
| Controlled or Scheduled drugs require: | restrictive regulations because of their potential for abuse. |
| Dietary Supplements are not: | regulated by the FDA because suppliers have not made therapeutic claims. |
| The most common solid dosage forms are: | tablets |
| ______ dissolve when placed between the cheek and gums. | buccal tablets |
| _____ dissolve when placed under the tongue. | sublingual tablets |
| ______ are designed to be easily chewed then swallowed. | chewable tablets |
| _______ uses a chemical reaction to hasten tablet dissolution. These tablets should be dissolved in liquid before ingestion. | Effervescent tablets |
| _______ are coated to delay the release of medication until the tablet has reached the intestinal tract. | Enteric-coated tablets |
| _____ are coated to mask taste. | Film- coated tablets |
| ______ are powdered, granule, or beaded medication that is enclosed in a shell of hard or soft gelatin. | Capsule |
| _____ are made from powdered materials and combined with a sticky material to make a round mass. | Pills |
| You should not use the term pill to refer to any solid forms, you should: | use specific terms such as tablets or capsules to refer to specific medications. |
| __________ are formulated to produce a constant release of medication over an extended period of time. | Controlled Release products |
| ______ provide medication to the oral cavity. | Pastilles, Lozenges |
| _______ have a gummy or hard consistency. | Troches |
| ______ are solid forms that have been crushed. | Powders |
| _____ are designed to be inserted into a body cavity. | Suppositories |
| _____ are inserted and dissolved into the vagina. | Vaginal tablets |
| _______ are prepared by a complete dissolution of medication in a suitable liquid. | Solutions |
| ____ are solutions that contain sugar. | Syrups |
| _____ are solutions that contain alcohol. | Tinctures |
| ____ solutions that are not completely dissolved. They have particles that settle to the bottom and should be shaken before taking. | Suspensions |
| ______ require the addition of distilled water and is stored in powder form to extend shelf life. | Reconstituted liquids |
| _____ contain oil and water to form two visible layers. They must be shaken before taking. | Emulsions |
| _____ contains clear, sweet combinations of water and alcohol. | Elixirs |
| ______ contain plant extracts as the active ingredient in water and/or alcohol. | Fluid extracts and tinctures |
| ______ contain substances that evaporate quickly in ambient conditions. | Spirits and essences |
| Gas has been incorporated into a liquid and when released the entrapped gas gives the product a light consistency. | Foam |
| ____ is used to apply medication to the scalp. | Shampoo |
| _______are a liquid preparation which dries to form a flexible film that can removed from the skin. | Colloids |
| _______ provide medication to the oral cavity by swishing and spitting/swallowing. | Mouthwash |
| _____ are sterile products administered by injection or infusion in order to bypass the gastrointestinal tract. | Parenteral medications |
| Parenteral medications requires ________ to reduce contamination. | aseptic technique |
| _______ are placed in a nebulizer to provide medication to the respiratory tract. | Inhalation solutions |
| ______ apply medication to the skin and are greasy and difficult to remove. | Ointments |
| _____ moisturize skin without being greasy. | Creams |
| ______ are similar to creams but thinner in consistency and covers greater body area that is heavily covered with hair. | Lotions |
| Semi-solids that contains very small particles of liquid medication. | Gels & Jellies |
| Ointments to which a large quantity of insoluble solids have been added to make an ointment stiff. | Pastes |
| _________ contains various substances that give a heat producing effect used for pain relief of muscle aches. | Liniments |
| Quick and easy way to apply topical medication. | Tape |
| Hold medication in a reservoir to provide a continual supply of medication over a period of time. | Transdermal patches |
| Medication travels through tiny particles or within water droplets. | Aerosols |
| Surgically placed subcutaneously to release medication over a period of time. | Implants |
| As patient chews, medication is released. | chewing gum |
| Delivers medication to the respiratory tract and required coordination and timing. | Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) |
| Attached to a mouthpiece or mask and propels medication in the form of very fine particles or tiny droplets | Nebulizers |
| Placed on inhaled medication canisters to improve a patient's administration technique. | Spacers |
| Delivers medication to the nose. | nasal spray |
| Allows patients to administer accurate doses of medication to the eye and ear easily. | Eye/ear droppers |
| Commonly used to expel creams or foam into the vaginal canal. | Plunger Applicator |
| A roller ball is placed on medication bottle to allow patients to apply topical medication without having to touch it with their hands. | Roll-on Appilcation |
| Syringe size based on three factors: | volume, increment markings, and size of the needle |
| Delivers paternal medication at a specific rate. | Infusion Pumps |
| Process where drug is transported from the site of administration to the blood stream | Absorption |
| Process where drug is delivered to specific organs and tissues in the body. | Distribution |
| Disappearance of a drug when it chemically changes into another compound | Metabolism |
| Process where drug is eliminated from the body, primarily by the kidney | Excretion |
| Percentage or fraction of the dose that actually reaches the systemic circulation. | Bioavailbility |
| When the effectiveness of two drugs is decreased when given together. | therapeutic incompatibility |
| When two drugs from the same class are give together. | therapeutic duplicaiton |
| Effects over than the desired ones. | adverse effects |
| Severe adverse reaction to an administration of a drug. | Anaphylactic Reaction |
| Effects that are unavoidable, predictable and widely reported. | Side effects |
| Effects that are harmful and destructive to the body. | Toxicities |
| Allergy to drugs that are chemically similar. | Cross-Sensitivity |
| A change in magnitude or duration of the pharmacological response of one drug because of the presence of another drug. | Drug Interaction |
| When two or more drugs combined together yield a response when the drugs by themselves are not enough | Additive Response |
| Occurs when the effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of the drugs | Synergistic Response |
| When a drug use for one indication cause an increase in severity of another indication | Contraindicated |
| The risk-to-benefit ratio is the responsibility of the: | physician |
| The Central Nervous System is composed of: | the brain and the spinal cord |
| Where continued administration of drug is necessary to prevent physical and psychological withdrawal systems | Dependence |
| A pattern of compulsive use | Addiction |
| The need for larger doses to achieve the desired response | Tolerance |
| Treats Insomnia | Sedative Hypnotics |
| Treats muscle spasms | Skeletal Muscle Relaxants |
| Treats seizures | Anticonvulsants |
| Treats moderate or severe pain | Narcotic Analgesics |
| Treats signs and symptoms of psychosis (ex schizophrenia) | Antipsychotics |
| Treats depression | Antidepressants |
| Treats nervousness and tension | Antianxiety |
| Treats Narcolepsy, Hyperkinesis, and anorexiants | CNS Stimulants |
| Treats Parkinsons | Anti-Parkinsions |
| The peripheral nervous system is composed of: | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Nerves that send messages back to the CNS | Afferent nerves |
| Nerves that transmit messages from the CNS to the rest of the body | Efferent nerves |
| Fight or flight, messenger is norepinephrine or epinephrine | Sympathetic Nerves |
| Feed & Breed, messenger is acetylcholine | Parasympathetic Nerves |
| Mimics the effects of endogenous chemicals by combining with receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, also referred to as adrenergic drugs | Sympathomimetic Agents |
| Oppose the actions of natural messengers epinephrine and norepinephrine as their receptor sites, also referred to as adrenergic antagonists | Sympatholytic Agents |
| Common suffix for Beat Blockers: | -olol |
| Mimics the action of acetylcholine, also referred to as Cholingeric Agent | Parasympathomimetic Agent |
| Inhibits or reverse the actions of the parasympathetic system, also referred to as Anticholingeric | Parasympatholytic Agent |
| used in hospitals for patients going to surgery, blocks transmission of nerve impulses to muscles resulting in paralysis | Neuromuscular Agent |
| used for minor surgery, blocks conduction of impulses along nerves and prevents sensation of pain from reaching the brain | Anesthetic |
| These hormones are synthesized in various tissue types, released and act locally, and exert profound changes in the body. | Local Hormones |
| These hormones are produced by one specific tissue, act throughout the body, and have a regulatory effect. | Systemic hormones |
| A chemical neurotransmitter produced by the body during an allergic reaction | Histamines |
| Hormones that are created during a chemical reaction at the site where an injury occurs. | Prostaglandin |
| Inhibits the action of histamines. | Antihistamines |
| This type of antihistamine crosses the brain barrier and antagonizes histamine. | Sedating Antihistamines |
| This type of antihistamine does not cross the brain barrier and rarely any sedation occurs. | Non Sedating Antihistamines |
| Blocks the enzyme system of the gastric cells that secrete gastric acid. | Proton Pump Inhibitors |
| Male hormones, which are secreted by the testes, are responsible for the characteristic sexual changes in men | Androgens |
| Female hormones, which are secreted by the ovaries, are responsible for the characteristic sexual changes in women | Estrogens |
| Another name for oral birth control pills | Oral Contraceptives |
| Federal law mandates that _____ be dispensed with oral contraceptives. | package inserts |
| Female hormones secreted by the corpus luteum. | Progestins |
| Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland. | Corticosteriods |
| Hormones secreted by the pancreas of the Beta Cells, used mainly for type I diabetes | Insulin |
| Promotes insulin release, used mainly for type II diabetes | Oral Hypoglycemic Agents |
| Hypoglycemic agents have these common suffixes: | -ides and -ones |
| Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland | Oxytocics |
| Treats thyroid hormone deficiency | Thyroid Hormones |
| Treats over secretion of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) | Anti-Thyroid Hormones |
| The Cardiovascular System is composed of: | heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| Obtained from the digitalis plant, Increases the muscle's contraction and improves irregular heartbeats | Cardiac glycosides |
| Decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart, which decreases the heart rate and the amount of work for the heart | Antiangials |
| Treats peripheral vascular disease | Vasodilators |
| Treats pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), reverses the effects of endothelin | Endothelin Receptor Antagonists |
| Treats PAH or erectile dysfunction | Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor (PDE 5) |
| Common suffixes for PDE 5 Inhibitors | -fil |
| Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels and dilates coronary arteries | Ca Channel Blockers |
| Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors |
| Common suffixes for ACE inhibitors" | -pril |
| Inhibits action at the beta receptors on the heart | Beta Blocker |
| Common suffixes for Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB): | -sartan |
| Inhibits the action at the alpha receptors: | Alpha-Adrenergic Blocker |
| Reduces serum lipids and minimizes the rate of new fat deposition | Antilipidemics |
| Common suffix for HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor: | -statin |
| The renal system is composed of: | the kidneys |
| Disease characterized by overproduction of uric acid that crystallizes in the joints | gouts |
| Salts which are necessary in proper elimination to maintain normal body functions | Electrolytes |
| Mechanism is to alter body's electrolytes pattern by prohibiting or enhancing excretion of electrolytes | Diruetics |
| Thiazide Diuretics treats: | hypertension |
| Loop Diuretics treats: | heart failure |
| Weakest diuretic and usually used in combination with other diuretics: | Potassium Sparing Diuretics |
| Produces an intense diuresis in a hospital setting | Osmotic Diuretic |
| Allows body's defense mechanism to have time to destroy the mircoorganisms by inhibiting bacterial growth | Bacterostatic |
| Kills mircoorganisms | Bactericidal |
| Antibacterials are: | not synthesized from microorganisms |
| Antibiotics are: | synthesized from microorganisms |
| The different classes of antibiotics are: | penicillins, cephalosporins, marcolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, glycyclcyclines, ketolides, aminoglycosides |
| To increase absorption, antibiotics should be: | taken on an empty stomach. |
| Once reconstituted, antibiotics should have a: | 10-14 day expiration |
| Patients with ____ should not be on beta blockers. | asthma |
| Antifungals should be: | protected from light and heat |
| Used to treat worm infections | Antihelminthics |
| Treat amoeba infections | Amebicides |
| Treats tuberculosis | Antitubercular Agent |
| Drug name with suffix -vir are: | Antiviral Agents |
| Antivirals treat: | influenza, herpes virus, HIVS and AIDS |
| The three subcatergories of HIV and AIDs antivirals: | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptae inhibitors, reverse transcriptae inhibitors, protease inhibitors |
| The uncontrolled growth of abnormal human cells | cancer |
| Why is cancer difficult to treat? | Drugs cannot differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells, so both normal and cancer cells are killed. |
| Very similar to normal substances in the cell, when absorbed by cells, it inhibits cellular metabolism (makes it unable to divide) | Antimetabolites |
| If a techincian has skin contact with a cytotoxic drug: | they should wash their hands with water and soap and seek medical attention |
| Prevent DNA replication, which kills cancer cells because they are very sensitive to DNA damage | Alkylating Agents |
| Arrests mitotic division at the metaphase of cell division | Vinca Alkaloids |
| Blocks asparagine dependent protein synthesis in tumor cells | Asparaginase |
| Antibiotics used for cancer chemo treatment are ____________ and must be cleaned with a ________. | biohazardous, spill kit |
| used as treatment of harsh side effects of chemotherapy to prevent too much normal cells from being killed | leucovorin |
| Needles, syringes, or any other medical device containing aluminum should not be used with: | cisplatin |
| A mixture of water, cells, proteins, and dissolved salts | blood |
| Anemia due to decrease in circulating red blood cells | Iron - deficiency anemia |
| Anemia due to increased circulation of immature abnormal red blood | Megaloblastic anemia |
| Stops or slows blood clotting process | Anticoagulants |
| Treats excessive bleeding | Hemostatics |
| Decreases platelet aggregation and decreases unwanted clot formation | Antithrombotics |
| Dissolves exsisting blood clots, decreases muscle damage associated with heart attacks, treats pulmonary emboli | Thrombolytics |
| Decreases blood viscosity and helps to increase blood flow | Hemorrheologic Agents |
| Some drugs can cause upset stomach as a side effect. To avoid this: | the patient should take the drug with food |
| Necessary for normal body functions, not produced in the body and must be obtained from a well balanced diet | Vitamins |
| Vitamins ADEK are what type of vitamins? | Fat Soluble |
| Any other Vitamin other than ADEK are: | Water Soluble |
| Vitamin A: | skin and vision |
| Vitamin D: | Ca regulation and bone formation |
| Vitamin E: | Reproduction and ksin |
| Vitamin K: | Blood cloting |
| Another name for Vitamin B1: | Thiamine |
| Another name for Vitamin B2: | Riboflavin |
| Another name for Vitamin B6: | Pyridoxine |
| Another name for Vitamin B12: | Cyanocobalamin |
| Used to treat elevated cholestrol | Niacin/Nicotinic Acid |
| Another name for Vitamin C: | Ascorbic Acid |
| Used to treat megaloblastic acid | Folic Acid |
| Mineral that is essential for bone and tooth formation | Calcium |
| Mineral that prevents dental cativites | Fluoride |
| Mineral that is absorbed by thyroid to prevention enlargement of thyroid | Iodine |
| Needed for bone, protien, new cells, clotting blood, insulin function | Magnesium |
| Mineral that blood contains in excess supply | Phosphorus |
| Important for water balance, regulating muscle contractions, protein and glycogen synthesis, and nerve transmission | Potassium |
| Essential element for all life, helps in maintaining normal electrolyte balance | Sodium |
| Important for the formation of blood and oxygen transport | Iron |
| Herbal Products can be: | sold without being tested for saftey |
| A method for treating illness that uses very minor quantities of substances | Homeopathy |
| Nitroglycerin should avoid: | heat and be with a tightly sealed container to avoid moisture. |
| Women taking endothelin receptor antagonist drugs must: | have a negative pregnancy test before starting treatment and monthly pregnancy test during treatment |
| Patients taking _____ medication should not be taking PDE5. | nitrate |
Created by:
Michelle Lee
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