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Rhetorical Toolbox
Terms for AP Language Rhetorical Analysis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Description | Giving Details to describe a subject/topic/etc. |
| Narration | Giving details to form a story for the reader |
| Process | goes through STEPS |
| Definition | Defines concept or idea |
| Compare | noting similarities between two or more items |
| Contrast | noting differences between two or more items |
| Classification | to group things based on similarities |
| Example/Exemplification | to provide an explanatory illustration |
| assertion | something stated in the positive as a definitive answer |
| justification | rationale used to help prove an assertion or argument |
| Colloquial | informal language that uses regional slang |
| idioms | a type of informal language that is an expression someone cannot take literally. |
| Jargon | Informal language specific to an occupation or group. Ex: That guy went MIA during basic. |
| Slang | informal words used casually and playfully Ex: "cool" "sick" etc. |
| Denotation | dictionary definition of work |
| Conotation | the meaning we tack onto it - good or bad - positive or negative |
| melancholy or elegiac tone | SAD tone |
| blithe or jovial tone | HAPPY tone |
| pious or laudatory tone | Respectful or REVERENT tone |
| indignant or inflammatory tone | ANGRY tone |
| didactic tone | Educational tone |
| derisive or sarcastic tone | RUDE tone |
| Loose/cumulative Sentence | idea is stated and then elaborated upon within a single sentence |
| Periodic sentence | the main point or idea does not come until the very end of the sentence |
| Telegraphic sentence | a sentence that is 5 or less words |
| Interrogative Sentence | a sentence that asks a question |
| imperative sentence | a sentence that demands something |
| Alliteration | repeating consonant sounds at the beginning of words: Janet's Jacket or King's Crown. |
| Allusion | reference to a well known person, place or thing. |
| ambiguity | the presence of multiple meanings - up for interpretation |
| Analogy | using two unlike things but showing similarities to help prove a point (this is the non-literary term for a simile). Ex: Think of your brain as a muscle - you don't work out...it gets WEAKER! |
| Anecdote | a brief story used to help explain an idea |
| antithesis | juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in parallel structure. Ex: Give me liberty or give me death. (liberty and death contrast) |
| ethos | ethical appeal that establishes trust and credibility for the speaker |
| pathos | emotional appeal that helps the speaker make his or her audience FEEL a certain way |
| logos | logical appeal that helps the speaker seem rational |
| Aphorism | expression of cultural wisdom |
| Cliche | an overused expression that you should AVOID in writing/speaking |
| conceit | extended metaphor in a work |
| concession | an argumentative tactic where you admit to truths in other side of the argument. To fully concede is to admit defeat. |
| Counter-claim | You state the other side's argument just to TAKE IT DOWN! |
| Deductive reasoning | moves from a general idea or argument to more specific details. Ex: The world is full of diversity--many places--many cultures--many customs--many beliefs--many practices. |
| Inductive Reasoning | moves from specific (small) ideas to an overall LARGE idea. Ex: The world has many different places, different people, different cultures, and different customs. It is a diverse place. |
| Ellipsis | The DOT DOT DOT (...) you use to show when words have been omitted or left out |
| Euphemism | a polite/nicer/sugar-coated way of saying something (Understatement) |
| exhortation | CALL TO ACTION! |
| Footnote/endnote | explanatory notes at the end of a page/text |
| Hyperbole | extreme exaggeration |
| Hypophora | a question that is posed and then DIRECTLY answered. |
| Rhetorical Question | A question that is really a statement and requires no answer. |
| Imagery | descriptive language using the five senses |
| Irony | using words that are the opposite of what is meant or presenting situations that go against expectations. |
| Metaphor/symbolism | an object/thing that represents something more complex (like a theme or idea) |
| Oxymoron | an expression that uses contradictory terms: Jumbo Shrimp or Organized Mess |
| Paradox | A statement that contradicts because both statments are true but also cannot be true...woah. Ex: "Give me liberty or give me death." (liberty and death contradict...yet, in death freedom could also be obtained so.....) |
| Parallelism | symmetrical sentence structure |
| Personification (extreme version = anthropomorphism) | Giving human traits to a NON human. Example: almost every children's movie EVER. |
| 1st POV | Singular = I, My, me & Plural = us, we, our |
| 2nd POV | A direct address to "you" (letters) |
| 3rd POV | Singular = it, she, he & Plural = those, they, them, their |
| Pun (paronomasia) | Play on words - "She had a photographic memory but never developed it" |
| Synecdoche/metonomy | When the part of something is used to represent the whole. Ex: I need a HAND = person that can help. Or Look at that SUIT that just walked in = businessman or professional |
| Ad hominem | logical fallacy where you attack a person rather than their argument |
| bang wagon | logical fallacy that appeals to popularity (everyone else agrees with me so...) |
| Begging the Question (often misused) | logical fallacy that is a circular argument- you back your argument with the argument. ex: I am a great teacher because I am great ( which then begs other to ask - WHY???) |
| False Dilemma | logical fallacy where you falsely given an "either or" choice |
| Hasty Generalization | Making broad assumptions (everyone loves English, right?) |
| Red Herring | A distraction from the real issue |
| Anaphora | A type of parallelism where the same word or phrase is used to begin several lines/sentences. |
Created by:
jessica.bohlen
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