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Psychology
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| body structure that is the source for the *mind & self* | brain |
| the first person that *systemically* looked at the mind and body connection relationship | Rene Descartes |
| mind-body "dualism" | 18th century notions that the mind or soul is spiritual and non-material, and the body is physical and mechanical |
| unidirectional/single direction | philosophy belief the mind and body is either influenced by the mind or influenced by the body |
| interactional/reciprocal | philosophy belief that the mind and body influence each other |
| epiphenomenal/byproduct | philosophy belief that the mind and body function independently |
| two body structures of the CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| the brain and spinal cord float in this type of fluid | cerebrospinal |
| main function of cerebrospinal fluid | protection |
| spinal cord is protected by | spinal column |
| a body structure that runs from the base of the brain, down the center of the back, and a collection of nerves and supportive tissue | spinal cord |
| "simple" and "withdraw" reflexes purposes | protective function |
| "simple reflex" | a quick action of reflex by a sensory neuron |
| "withdraw reflex" | an action by a motor neuron |
| The more ____________ required to process information, the longer a response or action is needed in processing information. | neurons |
| a sensory neuron signal -> interneuron-> motor neuron response sequence that causes you to remove your hand when touching a burning candle flame | withdraw reflex |
| two categories of the nervous system | the CNS and the PNS |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System |
| 2 subcategories of the PNS | Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System |
| Somatic Nervous System regulates | skeletal muscle system |
| Autonomic Nervous System regulates | glands, blood vessels, internal organs |
| "Bridges" the brain and PNS | the spinal cord |
| 2 subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Sympathetic (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) |
| SNS function | mobilizes actions and energy output |
| PSNS function | conserves energy and maintains a quiet state |
| neuron | nerve cell found throughout the body and brain that send and receive messages |
| neuron characteristics | dendrites, cell body or soma, axon, myelin sheath, and terminal buttons |
| dendrites | tree-like branches that receive impulses from other neurons and transmit impulses toward the cell body |
| cell body or soma | structure of the nerve cell that keeps it alive and determines whether a nerve impulse is being generated |
| axon | fibrous neuronal tube-like structure that extends from the cell body, conducts impulses away from the cell body, and transmits impulses into other cells |
| myelin sheath | the fatty substance that surrounds some axons and speeds up the rate of neuron impulse transmission |
| axon's terminal button releases neurotransmitters, the neurotransmitters then enter the synaptic cleft, and finally the neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site that it fits | neuronal communication |
| space between neurons | synapse |
| chemicals that transmit information to and from neurons | neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitters, hormones, and endorphins | nervous system chemicals |
| major neurotransmitters in the nervous system | acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin |
| most widely distributed and first known neurotransmitter | acetylcholine |
| A person diagnosed with Parkinson's disease is shown to have less of this neurotransmitter | dopamine |
| neurotransmitter found in the 60's and regulates sleep and dreaming | serotonin |
| body system that secretes hormones into the blood stream | Endocrine System |
| chemical messengers of the Endocrine System that regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development, and behavior | hormones |
| adrenaline | epinephrine |
| the hormone "Master Gland" | pituitary gland |
| opiate-like chemicals present in the nervous system that reduce pain, increase pleasure, and act as "neuromodulators" | endorphins |
| *main function* of an endorphin | to act as a neuromodulator |
| meaning of a neuromodulator | to "even out" the action of neurotransmitters |
| discipline of psychology coined by Donald Hebb that studies the relationship between brain function and behavior | neuropsychology |
| brain theories that are the source of control of behavior | brain and neuron hypotheses |
| secretions | removed from the body |
| excretions | going into the body |
| Greek/Latin meaning of endorphins | into the head |
| hypothesized the source of behavioral control concerning the brain or brain hypothesis in 500 B.C. | Alcmaeon |
| hypothesized that cardiac or the heart was the source of behavioral control in 400 B.C. | Empedocles |
| two early physicians that placed control of behavior in the head | Hippocrates & Galen |
| believed the mind was located in the non-bilateral structure of the brain of the pineal gland | DesCartes |
| theorized that the mind *does not exist* and the mind is *just a term* describing the brain and brain activities | Gilbert Ryle |
| "Ghost in the Machine" and the homunculus reference | perception and apperception |
| "cell assemblies" or cerebral localization | the grouping and organizing of brain cells, or classifying parts of the brain that identify with things like communication and sounds |
| theorized "cell assemblies" or cerebral localization | Donald Hebb |
| neurosurgeon that stimulated parts of the brain during neurosurgery and mapped the brain with his procedures | Wilder Penfield |
| theorized that all body functions require the entire brain in the 1920s and used the lesioning or ablation method of brain mapping in animals | Karl Lashley |
| lesioning | incision or making a wound |
| ablation | removing parts of |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| EEG brain mapping | records neural activity or "brain waves" with electrodes |
| EEGs diagnose | seizures/epilespy |
| procedure that delivers an electrical current through a wire coil on a person's head, causes neurons to fire that produces motor responses, treats depression, and is a useful non-damaging brain mapping technique | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
| a useful method in brain mapping for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain and uses an injection of a glucose-like substance that contains a radioactive element and is also used to diagnose cancer. | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
| advantages of the PET in brain mapping | sensors detect radioactivity, active areas of the brain have more blood flow, and different tasks show distinct brain activity patterns |
| two types of brain mapping methods that use magnetic fields useful in studying body/brain issues by aligning certain ion/compounds, and uses computers to calculate tissue density to radio waves that provide a 3D image | MRI and fMRI |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| fMRI | function Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| magnetic field procedure that determines where brain activity occurs | fMRI |
| when the MRI or fMRI field is removed what happens to the molecules | the release of energy becomes a form of radio waves |
| brain mapping procedure that communicates the flow or direction of information in the brain by color | High Definition Fiber Tracking or HDFT |
| color references in HDFT | refer to the direction of the neural connections |
| HDFT color *green* | anterior-posterior or front-back |
| HDFT color *red* | left-right of brain communication |
| HDFT color *blue* | the brain stem |
| term used for the structure and functions of the brain | neuroanatomy |
| structures present in the brain stem | pons, medulla, and Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
| general functions of the pons | sleeping, waking, and dreaming or general level of arousal |
| general functions of the medulla | certain automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate |
| general functions of the Reticular Activating System (RAS) | arouses cortex, screens incoming information, and is involved in activating/deactivating brain functions |
| general functions of the Cerebellum | regulates movement/balance and involved in remembering motor skills |
| general functions of the Thalamus | regulates all sensory messages except the olfactory bulb (smell) to the cerebral cortex and a.k.a "central clearing house" for all sensations |
| Limbic System | hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus |
| hypothalamus | regulates the autonomic nervous system and involved in emotions and vital survival drives |
| "Four F's" of hypothalamus | fear, fight or flight, feeding (hunger and thirst), and reproduction (*ucking) |
| amygdala | initial emotional response to sensory information, mediating anxiety and depression, and *emotional memory* |
| hippocampus | the "storage space" of new information in memory and compares sensory information with that the brain expects about the world |
| hippocampus limit emptying time | during sleep while other memories are stored in other parts of the brain |
| the largest brain structure surrounded by the cerebral cortex that is divided into two halves and in charge of the most "higher order" of sensory, motor, and cognitive processes | cerebrum |
| upper brain cerebral divisions | right and left hemispheres |
| connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain allowing communication between the two hemispheres and contains millions of nerve fibers and myelinated axons | corpus callosum |
| cerebral cortex | a collection of several thin layers of cells that surrounds the cerebrum |
| four lobes of the cerebral cortex | occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal |
| Occipital Lobes | vision and considered the visual cortex |
| Parietal Lobes | integration of sensory information and considered the Somatosensory cortex |
| Temporal Lobes | memory, perception, emotion, and considered the auditory cortex |
| left Temporal Lobe's Wernicke's area | language processing or thought |
| Frontal Lobes | emotions, planning, and creative thinking and considered the motor cortex |
| left Frontal Lobe Broca's area | involves the vocalization or speech of language or thought |
| the most recently developed lobe of the brain and has "executive functioning" of planning or telling what to do in the brain | frontal lobe |
| a railroad construction foreman and involved in the first significant modern case study of traumatic brain injury resulting from an explosion that forced a steel tamping rod through his head | Phineas Gage |
| If the corpus callosum is surgically severed to treat epilepsy, what happens to the mirrored hemispheres of the brain? | they cannot communicate directly |
| left side of the brain controls | language |
| right side of the brain controls | visual pictures |
| If the corpus callosum is split, what can the left side of the brain *not* do? | vocalize pictures |
| If the corpus callosum is split, what side of the brain can vocalize pictures? | right hemisphere |
| The right side of the brain controls what side of the body? | left |
| The left side of the brain controls what side of the body? | right |
| performed split-brain experiments and stated patients identified verbally pictures to the right (i.e. boy) and when asked to point to the face seen, patients pointed to the left picture | Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga |
| being right-handed is "correct" | cultural bias |
| Due to split brain research, what area of the brain do nearly all right-handed and the majority of left-handed individuals process language? | left hemisphere |
| Many researchers of split-brain research believe that the left hemisphere of the brain is ______________ compared to the right hemisphere of the brain. | dominant |
| Other researchers concerning research on split-brain research insist the right hemisphere is important for what important function? | spatial visual problem solving, comprehending non-verbal sounds, and some language abilities |
| Hand dominance usually develops by this age | 5 years |
| term used to define people who use the right and left hand as being dominant | mixed laterality |
| was concerned with the relationship between a subjective experience and the physical process of the brain concerning the Self | Gazzangia |
| Modern brain scientist explain the "mind" or "soul" in physical terms as a product of ? | the cerebral cortex |
| stated the mind was a loose confederation of mental systems or "modules" working without conscious awareness | Roser and Gazzangia |
| stated the mind was a series of independent brain parts dealing with different aspects of thoughts | Dennett |
| Gazzangia believed the "self" is a _____________ that tries to make sense of brain activity. | left hemisphere module |
| Modern brain scientist believe the ________________ play a critical role in the "self". | frontal lobes |
| A ________________ of 49 studies of sex differences in the brain anatomy; small differences between the two groups, but, larger differences within groups dealing with "His" and "Her" brains. | meta-analysis |
| differences in lateralization of language in male and females | males show left hemisphere activation only, and females show left and right hemisphere activation |
| _________ have more gray matter. | females |
| "brain differences" of behavior | could be the result rather than the cause, cultural stereotypes, does not necessarily explain behavior or performance |
| "could be the result rather than the cause" | the way a person is raised or taught or actual brain frequencies could be the result of brain differences |
| pruning | a term used to explain the brain getting rid of unused information |
| homunculus | a representation of a human being |
Created by:
jeremsbrower
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