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Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine make up the __________ tract
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___________ digestive organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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A&P II FINAL EXAM
FINAL EXAM study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine make up the __________ tract | digestive |
| ___________ digestive organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas | Accessory |
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas | glandular organs |
| Ingestion, Mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and excretion | functions of the Digestive system |
| covers the organs in the peritoneal cavity | Serosa or Visceral Peritoneum |
| Lines the inner surface of the body wall | Parietal Peritoneum |
| double layer of peritoneum fused together that extends from body wall to digestive organs | Mesenteries |
| stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels to the liver | Lesser omentum |
| Helps stabilize the position of the liver relative to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall | Falciform |
| An enormous pouch that lies anterior to the abdominal viscera which provides padding, protection and insulation | Greater omentum |
| Adipose tissue in the Greater omentum is responsible for | beer belly and energy reserve |
| suspends the small intestines and covers the anterior surfaces of some of the retroperitoneal organs | Mesentery proper |
| behind the peritoneum | retroperitoneal |
| inside the peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| opening through which food passes into the body: breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva | mouth |
| consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech | tongue |
| separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity | palate |
| posterior portion, not supported by bone | soft palate |
| anterior portion, supported by bone | hard palate |
| soft v-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat | uvula |
| performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus | pharynx, throat |
| 10-in tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Peristalsis (involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along the digestive tract) begin here | esophagus |
| J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control | stomach |
| ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum | pyloric sphincter |
| During embroyonic development the digestive tube is suspended by the dorsal and _______ mesentaries | ventral |
| mesentary associated with a portion of the large intestine | mesocolon |
| mesentary that supports the transverse colon | transverse mesocolon |
| mesentary that supports the sigmoid colon | sigmoid mesocolon |
| The 4 layers of the digestive tract | mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa |
| retroperitoneal organs do not lie within the peritoneal cavity, but adhere to the dorsal | abdominal wall |
| It is the mucous membrane of the GI tract and its inner lining. . It functions to secrete protective mucous, digestive enzymes, and hormones, and to absorb digested substances. | The Mucosa |
| composed of simple columnar or stratified epithelium, according to the amount of physical and chemical stress endured regionally | Epithelium |
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and some areas of the rectum are lined by | stratified squamous epithelium |
| areas of absorption, and other areas contain ________ ___________ __________ with goblet cells that produce mucus, and other cells that may secrete enzymes and/or hormones | simple columnar epithelium |
| composed of loose areolar connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve endings and lymph nodules. Contains a muscularis mucosae | Lamina Propia |
| Some areas of the lamina propia contain the __________ cells or mucous glands (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum or first part of the small intestine) | secretory |
| composed of dense irregular connective tissue with large blood vessels lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules, nerves fibers and neurons. Contains exocrine glands that secrete enzymes and buffers into the lumen of the GI tract. | Submucosa |
| a group of sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers. | submucosal plexus/ Meissner’s plexus |
| responsible for mechanical processing and movements that mix and propel material along the GI tract | Muscularis Externa |
| The movements of muscularis externa are coordinated by the enteric nervous system of ENS composed of sensory neurons, interneurons, and _________neurons. | motor |
| The ENS is primarily innervated by the _______________ nervous system. | parasympathetic |
| The myenteric or ____________ ___________ regulated the movements of the muscularis externa and it is part of the enteric nervous system | Auerbach’s plexus |
| formed by areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium | Serosa or Visceral Peritoneum |
| a fibrous connective tissue sheath which attaches the digestive tract to adjacent structures. (Found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum) | adventicia |
| The viceral smooth muscle along the GI tract has rhytmic cycles of activity that are controlled by | pacesetter cells |
| produced by the muscularis externa; consists of a series of waves of muscular contractions that propel the digestive contents along the GI tract | Peristalsis |
| The digestive material between the mouth and the esophagus is called | bolus |
| consists of cycles of contractions that churn and fragment the GI tract contents, mixing them with the intestinal secretions. movements do not follow a set pattern and do not propel the materials in any one direction | Segmentation |
| Segmentation movements occur in most of the ________ __________, and some parts of the large intestine | small intestine |
| Digestion is controlled by local, neural, and _________mechanisms | hormonal |
| involve local hormones such as prostaglandins, histamine, and other chemicals released into the interstitial fluid | Local Mechanisms |
| the most active in controlling the movements of materials through the GI tract, and glandular secretions that are necessary for digestion | Neural Mechanisms |
| ______ neural reflexes are responsible for local reflexes and control small segments of the GI tract | Short |
| reflexes exert higher level of control over the digestive and glandular activities. They control large-scale peristalsis that include motor neurons and interneurons located in the CNS | Long |
| GI tract produces at least 18 peptide hormones that influence almost every aspect of digestion and may influence the activities of other systems. | Hormonal Mechanisms |
| The _______ is supported by the posterior margin of soft palate, which raises and closes the nasopharynx to prevent food or liquid from going into the nasal cavity when swallowing | uvula |
| secrete saliva, which cleanses the mouth, dissolves and moistens food, and contains enzyme that start the break down of carbohydrates. | Salivary Glands |
| secrete a thick serous fluid containing salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. | large parotid glands |
| covered by the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They produce a watery,mucous secretion that buffers and lubricates | sublingual glands |
| found within the mandibular groove in the floor of the mouth. Secrete a fluid that contain buffers, mucins, & salivary amylase. (produce 70% of saliva) | submandibular glands |
| salivary glands produce _____ to_____ of saliva a day | 1.0 to 1.5 L |
| ______are glycoproteins that help lubricate and moisten materials in the mouth. | Mucins |
| Salivary amylase or ptyalin starts _________ digestion. | starch |
| The enzymes lysozyme and the antibodies (_____) help to control bacterial growth. | IgA |
| Salivation can be triggered by visual and/or olfactory stimuli as well as chewing and food in the mouth. It is controlled by the ________ nervous system. | autonomic |
| ______________ stimuli increase secretion by all salivary glands | Parasympathetic |
| The _______ structure consists of an exposed surface or crown, a neck between the crown and the root or base. | tooth |
| The ______ of a tooth is cover with enamel. | crown |
| _______ is a mineralized matrix, similar to bone, without cells found under enamel that forms the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the pulp cavity. | Dentin |
| The dentin of the_______is covered by a layer of cementum, that provides protection and attaches the tooth to periodontal ligament. | root |
| The _______ _________or inner chamber contains blood vessels and nerves coming through the root canal. | pulp cavity |
| The _____________ ligament formed of collagen fibers that extend from the root dentin to the alveolar bone. | periodontal |
| The ______________or gums surround the tooth they are ridges of oral mucose that surround the base of each tooth on the alveolar processes. | gingivae |
| Tooth __________is caused by demineralization of the enamel and dentin by bacteria, which produce plaque. | decay |
| In gums bacterial plaque causes calculus that lead to ____________ or gum infection | gingivitis |
| four types of teeth | incisors, canines or cuspids, premolars , and molars |
| two sets of teeth | primary and secondary |
| (2 pairs) are blade shaped teeth in the front of the mouth, they have a single root, and cut or clip materials. | incisors |
| (2 pairs) are conical with a sharp ridgeline, and pointed tip. They are next to the incisors. They tear and slash. Also, they have a single root. | canines or cuspids |
| (4 pairs) or bicuspids are next to canines, they have flat surfaces or crowns with prominent ridges. They are used to crush, mash and grind, and they can have one or two roots. | premolars |
| (6 pairs) also have flat surfaces with prominent ridges, but they are larger than and next to the premolars, they grind and crush, and they can have 3 or more roots. | molars |
| decidual, temporary, or baby (20) teeth of childhood | Primary teeth |
| permanent (32) teeth of adulthood, which replace the decidual teeth. | Secondary teeth |
| the mechanical break down of food particles that also help to mix ingested materials with salivary secretions | Mastication/ chewing |
| The wall of the esophagus has 3 layers: _________, _________ and ________. The exterior is covered by an adventicia. | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis |
| the first 1/3 of the esophagus is skeletal muscle, the middle 1/3 is a skeletal and smooth muscle combination, and the last 1/3 ______ muscle. | smooth |
| It is part voluntary and part involuntary. It proceeds automatically in 3 phases buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal. | Swallowing or Deglutition |
| begins in the mouth where the bolus is compressed against the hard palate, and then the tongue forces the bolus into the oropharynx and the soft palate elevates to isolate the nasopharynx. This phase is voluntary | Buccal Phase of swallowing |
| starts with the swallowing reflex triggered by the tactile receptors on the oral arches & the uvula, which are stimulated by the passing of the bolus. | pharyngeal Phase of swallowing |
| __________ phases causes the elevation of the larynx and folding of the epiglottis, which direct the bolus past the closed glottis | pharyngeal |
| during the pharyngeal phase; controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla, which is stimulated while the respiratory centers are inhibited to temporarily stop ________. | breathing |
| stars as the contraction of the esophageal muscles force the bolus through the esophagus which is automatically propelled by peristalsis toward the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter which opens and bolus enters the stomach. | Esophageal Phase of swallowing |
| where chemical digestion of proteins takes place, and the pasty bolus is turn into a watery chyme | stomach |
| The 4 primary functions of the stomach are: storage, mechanical breakdown, & chemical breakdown of proteins by acids & enzymes & production of the ______factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. | intrinsic |
| Internally the mucose and submucose of the stomach form folds called_______that allow the stomach to distend or increase its holding capacity. | rugae |
| The stomach has a J shape, and its medial surface forms a lesser curvature while its lateral surface forms a greater curvature. It extends from T7- | L3 |
| The stomach is divided into 4 regions the CARDIA (area closest to the esophagus), FUNDUS (bump superior to junction with esophagus), BODY (area between fundus and pylorus), and ______ (the curve of the J). | PYLORUS |
| The muscularis externa of the stomach contains a unique internal oblique layer of muscle that helps in the ________ of food. | churning |
| simple columnar with many cells that secrete an alkaline protective mucus that covers the interior surface of the stomach to protect against acids and enzymes. | Surface Epithelium |
| found at the bottom of shallow depressions called gastric pits that open to the stomach lumen surface. They extends to the lamina propria. produce gastric juice. contain parietal cells and the chief cells | Gastric Glands |
| produce HCl and Intrinsic factor | parietal cells |
| produce pepsinogen | chief cells |
| produce substances such as gastrin (by G cells), CCK, somatostatin (inhibits gastric secretion), histamin, and serotonin (reduces appetite). | enteroendocrine cells |
| The HCl produced by the parietal cells maintain the stomach contents at a pH between _____ -----______ | 1.5 and 2.0. |
| a. To kill most microorganisms ingested with the food; b. To Denature proteins and inactivate food enzymes; c. To help breakdown plant materials and connective tissue in meet; and d. To activate the enzyme pepsin. | purpose of acidity in the stomach |
| The chief cells secrete the proenzyme (inactive enzyme) pepesinogen, which is converted to ______ by the HCl in the gastric lumen. | pepsin |
| In the pylorus G cells produce the hormone gastrin, which stimulates secretion by parietal and chief cells, and trigger ________ ____________ of the stomach wall that churn its contents | muscular contractions |
| The D cells of the pylorus secrete ___________, which inhibits gastric release. | somatostatin |
| In new born infants the stomach secretes the enzymes:______ , which acts on the milk protein casein; and gastric lipase, which starts milk fat breakdown. | renin |
| the production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa is : 1- controlled by the CNS, 2- regulated by short reflexes of the ENS ; and 3- regulated by GI tract ______. | hormones |
| 3 phases of gastric control are | cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases |
| reflexive phase, it happens before foods enter the stomach and it is caused by sight, smell, taste of thinking of food. A short phase (minutes) that prepares the stomach for food arrival by stimulation of secretory activity (especially mucus secretion) | Cephalic Phase |
| triggered by food entering the stomach. The stimuli that start this phase are: the stomach distension, increased acidity, the presence of undigested materials such as proteins and peptides. | Gastric Phase |
| _________ triggers acid secretion by the parietal cells. This phase can last 3 to 4 hours. | Histamine |
| It stars as chyme enters the intestine. The main function of this phase is to control the chyme rate of entry into the duodenum or to control stomach emptying. | Intestinal Phase |
Created by:
Cherriemd