FINAL EXAM study guide
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | digestive
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| show | Accessory
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| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas | show 🗑
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| Ingestion, Mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and excretion | show 🗑
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| show | Serosa or Visceral Peritoneum
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| Lines the inner surface of the body wall | show 🗑
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| show | Mesenteries
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| show | Lesser omentum
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| Helps stabilize the position of the liver relative to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall | show 🗑
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| show | Greater omentum
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| show | beer belly and energy reserve
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| suspends the small intestines and covers the anterior surfaces of some of the retroperitoneal organs | show 🗑
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| behind the peritoneum | show 🗑
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| show | intraperitoneal
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| opening through which food passes into the body: breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva | show 🗑
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| consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech | show 🗑
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| separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity | show 🗑
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| show | soft palate
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| show | hard palate
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| soft v-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat | show 🗑
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| performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | esophagus
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| show | stomach
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| show | pyloric sphincter
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| show | ventral
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| mesentary associated with a portion of the large intestine | show 🗑
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| show | transverse mesocolon
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| show | sigmoid mesocolon
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| show | mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
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| show | abdominal wall
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| show | The Mucosa
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| show | Epithelium
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| show | stratified squamous epithelium
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| show | simple columnar epithelium
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| composed of loose areolar connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve endings and lymph nodules. Contains a muscularis mucosae | show 🗑
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| Some areas of the lamina propia contain the __________ cells or mucous glands (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum or first part of the small intestine) | show 🗑
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| show | Submucosa
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| a group of sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers. | show 🗑
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| show | Muscularis Externa
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| show | motor
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| show | parasympathetic
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| The myenteric or ____________ ___________ regulated the movements of the muscularis externa and it is part of the enteric nervous system | show 🗑
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| formed by areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium | show 🗑
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| show | adventicia
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| The viceral smooth muscle along the GI tract has rhytmic cycles of activity that are controlled by | show 🗑
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| show | Peristalsis
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| The digestive material between the mouth and the esophagus is called | show 🗑
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| show | Segmentation
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| show | small intestine
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| show | hormonal
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| involve local hormones such as prostaglandins, histamine, and other chemicals released into the interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Neural Mechanisms
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| show | Short
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| reflexes exert higher level of control over the digestive and glandular activities. They control large-scale peristalsis that include motor neurons and interneurons located in the CNS | show 🗑
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| show | Hormonal Mechanisms
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| show | uvula
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| secrete saliva, which cleanses the mouth, dissolves and moistens food, and contains enzyme that start the break down of carbohydrates. | show 🗑
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| secrete a thick serous fluid containing salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. | show 🗑
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| show | sublingual glands
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| found within the mandibular groove in the floor of the mouth. Secrete a fluid that contain buffers, mucins, & salivary amylase. (produce 70% of saliva) | show 🗑
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| show | 1.0 to 1.5 L
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| show | Mucins
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| Salivary amylase or ptyalin starts _________ digestion. | show 🗑
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| show | IgA
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| Salivation can be triggered by visual and/or olfactory stimuli as well as chewing and food in the mouth. It is controlled by the ________ nervous system. | show 🗑
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| ______________ stimuli increase secretion by all salivary glands | show 🗑
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| The _______ structure consists of an exposed surface or crown, a neck between the crown and the root or base. | show 🗑
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| The ______ of a tooth is cover with enamel. | show 🗑
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| show | Dentin
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| show | root
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| show | pulp cavity
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| The _____________ ligament formed of collagen fibers that extend from the root dentin to the alveolar bone. | show 🗑
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| show | gingivae
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| show | decay
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| In gums bacterial plaque causes calculus that lead to ____________ or gum infection | show 🗑
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| four types of teeth | show 🗑
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| show | primary and secondary
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| show | incisors
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| show | canines or cuspids
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| show | premolars
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| (6 pairs) also have flat surfaces with prominent ridges, but they are larger than and next to the premolars, they grind and crush, and they can have 3 or more roots. | show 🗑
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| show | Primary teeth
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| show | Secondary teeth
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| show | Mastication/ chewing
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| show | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis
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| the first 1/3 of the esophagus is skeletal muscle, the middle 1/3 is a skeletal and smooth muscle combination, and the last 1/3 ______ muscle. | show 🗑
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| show | Swallowing or Deglutition
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| show | Buccal Phase of swallowing
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| show | pharyngeal Phase of swallowing
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| __________ phases causes the elevation of the larynx and folding of the epiglottis, which direct the bolus past the closed glottis | show 🗑
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| during the pharyngeal phase; controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla, which is stimulated while the respiratory centers are inhibited to temporarily stop ________. | show 🗑
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| stars as the contraction of the esophageal muscles force the bolus through the esophagus which is automatically propelled by peristalsis toward the lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter which opens and bolus enters the stomach. | show 🗑
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| where chemical digestion of proteins takes place, and the pasty bolus is turn into a watery chyme | show 🗑
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| The 4 primary functions of the stomach are: storage, mechanical breakdown, & chemical breakdown of proteins by acids & enzymes & production of the ______factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. | show 🗑
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| show | rugae
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| The stomach has a J shape, and its medial surface forms a lesser curvature while its lateral surface forms a greater curvature. It extends from T7- | show 🗑
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| The stomach is divided into 4 regions the CARDIA (area closest to the esophagus), FUNDUS (bump superior to junction with esophagus), BODY (area between fundus and pylorus), and ______ (the curve of the J). | show 🗑
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| show | churning
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| show | Surface Epithelium
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| show | Gastric Glands
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| show | parietal cells
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| produce pepsinogen | show 🗑
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| show | enteroendocrine cells
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| show | 1.5 and 2.0.
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| show | purpose of acidity in the stomach
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| The chief cells secrete the proenzyme (inactive enzyme) pepesinogen, which is converted to ______ by the HCl in the gastric lumen. | show 🗑
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| In the pylorus G cells produce the hormone gastrin, which stimulates secretion by parietal and chief cells, and trigger ________ ____________ of the stomach wall that churn its contents | show 🗑
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| show | somatostatin
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| show | renin
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| show | hormones
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| 3 phases of gastric control are | show 🗑
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| show | Cephalic Phase
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| triggered by food entering the stomach. The stimuli that start this phase are: the stomach distension, increased acidity, the presence of undigested materials such as proteins and peptides. | show 🗑
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| _________ triggers acid secretion by the parietal cells. This phase can last 3 to 4 hours. | show 🗑
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| It stars as chyme enters the intestine. The main function of this phase is to control the chyme rate of entry into the duodenum or to control stomach emptying. | show 🗑
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Created by:
Cherriemd