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Spine Anatomy
Cartilage & Bone
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Is cartilage vascular or avascular? | avascular |
Cartilage is made up of what cells? | chondrocytes |
Cartialge matrix is produced and maintained by what? | chondrocytes |
The large ratio of GAGS to type II collagen permits what? | diffusion of substances between blood vessels in the surrounding CT and chondrocytes. |
What is the function of cartilage? | support soft tissue, bear mechanical stress |
Classification of cartilage is based on what? | the type of fibers |
Hyaline cartilage contains bundles of _______ collagen, ________ and _______. | type II, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid |
Elastic cartilage contains _____ fibers. | elastic |
Fibrous cartilage contains large bundles of _______ collagen. | type I |
Name the four properties of cartilage. | high tensile strength, low metabolic rate, capacity for continued growth, avascular |
What is the precursor for cartilage? | mesenchyme |
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what? | chondroblasts |
Chondrocytes become separated and become _______ and ________. | collagen and ground substances |
Rapid cell division gives rise to _______ _______. | Isogenous groups (chondrocytes) |
What are the functions of hyaline cartilage? (5 things) | forms embryonic skeleton, precursor for bone, provides low friction surface, lubes synovial joint, distributes applied forces to underlying bone |
Where is hyaline cartilage found? | respiratory passages, costal cartilages, articular cartilages, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartialges |
Hyaline cartialge matrix is highly _________. | hydrated |
What percentage of the hyaline cartilage matrix weight is water? | 60-80% |
The perichondrium surrounds what (except at articular surfaces)? | hyaline cartilage |
How many layers does the perichondrium have and what are they? | 2, outer and inner |
What is the perichondrium made up of _____ _____ _____ and contains what? | dense irregular CT/ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics |
The outer layer of the perichondrium has what? | lots of type I collagen fibers and fibroblasts |
Describe the inner layer of the perichondrium. | more cellular, fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells, it gives rise to chondroblasts |
Is there perichondrium on articular cartilage surface? | no |
How does nutrients get to the chondrocytes? | diffusion from synovial fluid |
What are isogenous groups? | clusters of chondrocytes derived from 1 cell |
What is the function of elastic cartilage? | flexible support |
Where is elastic cartilage located? | external ear, walls of ext acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottic/corniculate/ cuneiform laryngeal cartilages |
Elastic cartilage is distinguished by ________ in cartilage matrix. | elastin |
Does elastic cartilage have perichondrium? | yes |
What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Firm support with tensile strength, transition between dense CT and hyaline cartilage |
Where can you find fibrocartilage? | IV discs, pubic symphysis, discs SC and TMJ, lines tendon grooves, menisci, tendon attachment to bone |
What are the two types of cartilage growth? | appositional and interstitial |
process that forms new cartilage at the surface of existing cartilage is what? | Appositional cartialge growth |
process that forms new cartilage within the cartilage mass is what? | interstitial cartilage growth |
What stimulates chondrocyte growth? | GH, thyroxine, and testosterone |
What slows chondrocyte growth? | cortisone, hydrocortisone |
When cartilage is damaged, this is usually produced during the repair process. | dense CT (scar) |
When hyaline cartilage is calcified it is normally replaced by what? | bone |
______ is a specialized CT characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix. | bone |
Extracellular matrix is mineralized _______ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. | calcium phosphate |
Functions of bone include: *hint 5 things | 1) supports body2) protects viscera3) muscle attachment4) hemopoesis5) storage for calcium and phosphate |
Which is the most common type of collagen in bone? | Type 1 |
Collagen makes up what % of the bone matrix? | 90% |
The bone matrix is made up of what two things primarily? | 1)Type 1 collagen and 2)ground substance |
What two things make up ground substance? | 1)GAG and 2)glycoproteins & sialoproteins |
Spaces within the bone matrix are known as? | lacunae |
Osteocytes extend cell processes into little tunnels known as? | canaliculi |
There are no isogenous groups in bone but you do see what distinctive characterstic? | canaliculi |
What are the different type of tissues found in a bone? * hint 6 | 1) bone tissue2) hemopoietic tissue3) fat tissue4) blood vessels5) nerves6) hyaline cartilage |
Bone is classified as what two type of bone tissue? | 1) Compact2) Spongy |
Which tissue makes up 80% of bone tissue? | compact (dense) |
Which tissue makes up 20% of bone tissue? | spongy (cancellous or trabecular) |
What are four bone shapes discussed in the bone lecture? | 1) long - longer in one dimension2) short - nearly equal in length & diameter3) flat - thin and plate like4) irregular |
What are examples of the four bones shapes? | 1) long - tibia2) short - carpal bone3) flat - sternum4) irregular - vertebra |
Where is the diaphysis located? | long part of the bone |
Where is the epiphysis located? | very end of the bone |
Where is the metaphysis located? | between the dia and epi |
The outer surface of the bone is known as the what? | periosteum |
Fibers that anchor the tendon into the bone are known as what? | Sharpey's fibers |
_______ cells = endosteal cells | Osteoprogenitor |
______ cells are flattened cells resembling fibroblasts | Endosteal |
There are two main types of bone marrow.. these are? | 1)Red bone marrow and 2) Yellow bone marrow |
Red bone marrow contains ______ cells which are associated with filtering blood | reticular |
Yellow bone marrow can convert to ______ and examples of where to find this are in the ____ and _____ | blood, sternum and iliac crest |
_______ canals are perforating canals, channels in lamellar bone for blood vessels and nerves from periosteal and endosteal surfaces. | Volkman's |
Regarding blood supply to the bone, _____ canals provide the major route of entry of blood within compact bone. | Volkman's |
Regarding blood supply to the bone, bone tissue lacks what type of vessles? | lymphatic |
_________ cells transform into osteoblast. | Osteoprogenitor |
________ are bone forming cells. | Osteoblast |
Osteoblast are responsible for the calcification of the _____? | matrix |
______ is a mature bone cell? | Osteocyte |
_______ are the biggest of the bone cells? | Osteoclast |
Osteoclast are responsible for bone _______? | resorption |
____ stimulates osteoblast | PTH |
____ _____ _____ stimulates osteoclast | osteoclast stimulatiing hormone |
Factors influencing bone *hint 7 things | 1) parathyroid hormone2) Calcitonin3) Deficiencies in calcium or bone4) Deficiencies in Vit D5) Deficiencies in Vit C6) Deficiencies in Vit A7) Radiation |
Which factor elevates blood Ca levels? | Parathyroid hormone |
Which factor lowers blood Ca levels? | Calcitonin |
What happens if osteoclast exceed osteoblast? | dficiencies in Ca or bone |
If you had a deficiency in Vit D you might develop ____? | rickets |
If you have a deficiency in Vit C you might develop ____? | scurvy |
If you have a deficiency in Vit A you might develop ____ and ____ of your long bones? | fragility, fractures |
This can destroy bone cells resulting in bone degeneration? *hint involves isotopes | Radiation |