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Spine Anatomy
Cartilage & Bone
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is cartilage vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| Cartilage is made up of what cells? | chondrocytes |
| Cartialge matrix is produced and maintained by what? | chondrocytes |
| The large ratio of GAGS to type II collagen permits what? | diffusion of substances between blood vessels in the surrounding CT and chondrocytes. |
| What is the function of cartilage? | support soft tissue, bear mechanical stress |
| Classification of cartilage is based on what? | the type of fibers |
| Hyaline cartilage contains bundles of _______ collagen, ________ and _______. | type II, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid |
| Elastic cartilage contains _____ fibers. | elastic |
| Fibrous cartilage contains large bundles of _______ collagen. | type I |
| Name the four properties of cartilage. | high tensile strength, low metabolic rate, capacity for continued growth, avascular |
| What is the precursor for cartilage? | mesenchyme |
| Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what? | chondroblasts |
| Chondrocytes become separated and become _______ and ________. | collagen and ground substances |
| Rapid cell division gives rise to _______ _______. | Isogenous groups (chondrocytes) |
| What are the functions of hyaline cartilage? (5 things) | forms embryonic skeleton, precursor for bone, provides low friction surface, lubes synovial joint, distributes applied forces to underlying bone |
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | respiratory passages, costal cartilages, articular cartilages, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartialges |
| Hyaline cartialge matrix is highly _________. | hydrated |
| What percentage of the hyaline cartilage matrix weight is water? | 60-80% |
| The perichondrium surrounds what (except at articular surfaces)? | hyaline cartilage |
| How many layers does the perichondrium have and what are they? | 2, outer and inner |
| What is the perichondrium made up of _____ _____ _____ and contains what? | dense irregular CT/ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics |
| The outer layer of the perichondrium has what? | lots of type I collagen fibers and fibroblasts |
| Describe the inner layer of the perichondrium. | more cellular, fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells, it gives rise to chondroblasts |
| Is there perichondrium on articular cartilage surface? | no |
| How does nutrients get to the chondrocytes? | diffusion from synovial fluid |
| What are isogenous groups? | clusters of chondrocytes derived from 1 cell |
| What is the function of elastic cartilage? | flexible support |
| Where is elastic cartilage located? | external ear, walls of ext acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottic/corniculate/ cuneiform laryngeal cartilages |
| Elastic cartilage is distinguished by ________ in cartilage matrix. | elastin |
| Does elastic cartilage have perichondrium? | yes |
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Firm support with tensile strength, transition between dense CT and hyaline cartilage |
| Where can you find fibrocartilage? | IV discs, pubic symphysis, discs SC and TMJ, lines tendon grooves, menisci, tendon attachment to bone |
| What are the two types of cartilage growth? | appositional and interstitial |
| process that forms new cartilage at the surface of existing cartilage is what? | Appositional cartialge growth |
| process that forms new cartilage within the cartilage mass is what? | interstitial cartilage growth |
| What stimulates chondrocyte growth? | GH, thyroxine, and testosterone |
| What slows chondrocyte growth? | cortisone, hydrocortisone |
| When cartilage is damaged, this is usually produced during the repair process. | dense CT (scar) |
| When hyaline cartilage is calcified it is normally replaced by what? | bone |
| ______ is a specialized CT characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix. | bone |
| Extracellular matrix is mineralized _______ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. | calcium phosphate |
| Functions of bone include: *hint 5 things | 1) supports body2) protects viscera3) muscle attachment4) hemopoesis5) storage for calcium and phosphate |
| Which is the most common type of collagen in bone? | Type 1 |
| Collagen makes up what % of the bone matrix? | 90% |
| The bone matrix is made up of what two things primarily? | 1)Type 1 collagen and 2)ground substance |
| What two things make up ground substance? | 1)GAG and 2)glycoproteins & sialoproteins |
| Spaces within the bone matrix are known as? | lacunae |
| Osteocytes extend cell processes into little tunnels known as? | canaliculi |
| There are no isogenous groups in bone but you do see what distinctive characterstic? | canaliculi |
| What are the different type of tissues found in a bone? * hint 6 | 1) bone tissue2) hemopoietic tissue3) fat tissue4) blood vessels5) nerves6) hyaline cartilage |
| Bone is classified as what two type of bone tissue? | 1) Compact2) Spongy |
| Which tissue makes up 80% of bone tissue? | compact (dense) |
| Which tissue makes up 20% of bone tissue? | spongy (cancellous or trabecular) |
| What are four bone shapes discussed in the bone lecture? | 1) long - longer in one dimension2) short - nearly equal in length & diameter3) flat - thin and plate like4) irregular |
| What are examples of the four bones shapes? | 1) long - tibia2) short - carpal bone3) flat - sternum4) irregular - vertebra |
| Where is the diaphysis located? | long part of the bone |
| Where is the epiphysis located? | very end of the bone |
| Where is the metaphysis located? | between the dia and epi |
| The outer surface of the bone is known as the what? | periosteum |
| Fibers that anchor the tendon into the bone are known as what? | Sharpey's fibers |
| _______ cells = endosteal cells | Osteoprogenitor |
| ______ cells are flattened cells resembling fibroblasts | Endosteal |
| There are two main types of bone marrow.. these are? | 1)Red bone marrow and 2) Yellow bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow contains ______ cells which are associated with filtering blood | reticular |
| Yellow bone marrow can convert to ______ and examples of where to find this are in the ____ and _____ | blood, sternum and iliac crest |
| _______ canals are perforating canals, channels in lamellar bone for blood vessels and nerves from periosteal and endosteal surfaces. | Volkman's |
| Regarding blood supply to the bone, _____ canals provide the major route of entry of blood within compact bone. | Volkman's |
| Regarding blood supply to the bone, bone tissue lacks what type of vessles? | lymphatic |
| _________ cells transform into osteoblast. | Osteoprogenitor |
| ________ are bone forming cells. | Osteoblast |
| Osteoblast are responsible for the calcification of the _____? | matrix |
| ______ is a mature bone cell? | Osteocyte |
| _______ are the biggest of the bone cells? | Osteoclast |
| Osteoclast are responsible for bone _______? | resorption |
| ____ stimulates osteoblast | PTH |
| ____ _____ _____ stimulates osteoclast | osteoclast stimulatiing hormone |
| Factors influencing bone *hint 7 things | 1) parathyroid hormone2) Calcitonin3) Deficiencies in calcium or bone4) Deficiencies in Vit D5) Deficiencies in Vit C6) Deficiencies in Vit A7) Radiation |
| Which factor elevates blood Ca levels? | Parathyroid hormone |
| Which factor lowers blood Ca levels? | Calcitonin |
| What happens if osteoclast exceed osteoblast? | dficiencies in Ca or bone |
| If you had a deficiency in Vit D you might develop ____? | rickets |
| If you have a deficiency in Vit C you might develop ____? | scurvy |
| If you have a deficiency in Vit A you might develop ____ and ____ of your long bones? | fragility, fractures |
| This can destroy bone cells resulting in bone degeneration? *hint involves isotopes | Radiation |
Created by:
txst spr 2009
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