Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SPPiP
Science and Professional Practice in Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Theory is - | - Based on evidence. - Reasonable explanations to describe reality - Explain and Predict - No theory is infallible, able to be modified - Describe measures in hypothesis - Must be testable - constructed to explain & predict phenomenon - Specific |
| Hypothesis is - | A prediction derived from theory Makes a specific prediction |
| Heuristics - 1 | - In Psychology, they are simple & efficient rules that have become hard‐coded by evolution - Useful when a quick decision is required or limited information is available, but usually lead to systematic errors & cognitive biases |
| Heuristics - 2 | - Refers to experience based techniques for discovery, problem solving and learning - Heuristics are strategies that use readily accessible information |
| Types of heuristics - Theres 8 | 1. Conjunction fallacy 2. Confirmation bias 3. Illusory correlation 4. Self‐fulfilling prophecy 5. Fundamental attribution error 6. Self‐serving bias 7. Availability/vividness effect 8. Representativeness |
| Confirmation Bias - | The tendency to seek out information that confirms your beliefs. |
| Conjunction fallacy - | The conjunction of two events can not be more likely than either one of the events alone. |
| Representativeness heuristic | The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. (Stereotypes, abstract) |
| Availability Heuristic | A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace |
| Study Designs- Experimentation Designs (5) | Lab Vs. Field Experiment, Between Groups design, Within groups design, Matched pairs, Quasi-experimental design |
| Study Designs- Correlational | Looking at relationships between two variables Positive or Negative relationships Does not establish causation |
| Study Designs-Self-report measures | - Can be unreliable, people can lie -Easy to administer -Quick and cost little to perform |
| Study Designs-Validity | - The extent to which measure correspond to world - Are you actually measuring what you think you're measuring? |
| Study Designs-Reliability | - Consistency - Will you get same results when done again? - Test re-test - Reliability can be tested statistically (correlations) |
| Study Designs-Random Assignment | - Randomly places people in experimental group - Everyone in population sample has equal chance of being represented - As sample size increases, difference between group decreases |
| Study Designs- Independent variable | -Independent variable - the variable that's being manipulated |
| Study Designs- Dependent variable | Dependent variable - the variable that's being measured (The effect) |
| Study Designs- Control (Confounding) variable | Control - variables you have controlled for -Confounding variables - a variable that can impact the independent variable other than the dependant variable |
| Study Designs- Placebo effect | - When a change is seen due to someone believing they are getting treatment/medication |
| Informed Consent - General informed consent Guidelines | The APA & APS guidelines state that, to be able to provide informed consent, the individual must be competent to understand the research and the requirements of research |
| Informed Consent - Children | - Consent must be obtained from parent and child - Maturity judgements considered - Children should only be used when there is no other option and participation will be of substantial benefit |
| Informed Consent - Cognitively impaired Phased consent | - Providing opportunity to review materials and involvement, important working with vulnerable people and populations - Phased consent may be appropriate, providing potential to renegotiate consent as required throughout an emergent research process |
| Ethics - Basic principles of Nuremberg code | 1. Autonomy 2. Non‐Maleficence and Beneficence 3. Justice |
| Ethics - Justice | The benefits and burdens of research should be distributed as fairly as possible Everyone has an equal chance to participate/be represented |
| Ethics - Autonomy | Respect for the rights and dignity of other people |
| Ethics - Respect | Respect peoples right to withdraw. Respect capacity to understand consent |
| Ethics - Scientific Integrity | Do not falsify data, findings presented honestly |
| Falsifiability | Scientific theories must be stated in a way where they can be proved wrong (falsified) Example: All swans are white |
| Heuristic - a thinking strategy that enables... | Quick, efficient judgements |
| Belief perseverance | Persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
| Reliability with Validity - Low reliability, Low validity - High reliability, Low validity - | Low reliability, Low validity - Intelligence measured by broken bathroom scale, Useless Low validity, High reliability - Intelligence measured by bathroom scale, Useless |
| Reliability with Validity - High validity, low reliability - High reliability, High validity - | High validity, Low reliability - Impossible High reliability, High validity - A useable operational definition! |
| Falsifiability - | If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P If I am the axe murderer, then I used an axe. I cannot use an axe. Therefore, I am not the axe murderer |
| The scientific method - Cycle | Theory - Prediction - Test |
| Heuristics - Illusory Correlation | Seeing a relationship when one does not exist ‘Computer scientists nerdy, Holden drivers bogan’ |
| Heuristics - Self‐fulfilling Prophecy | A prediction that causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behaviour |
| Heuristics - Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to over‐value dispositional or personality based explanations for observed behaviours |
| Heuristics - Self-serving bias | Tendency to attribute events incorrectly, often taking personal credit for positive outcomes and blaming negative outcomes on external events I did well on assignment as I am really smart I did poorly on assignment as the tutor is an idiot |
| Ethics - Non‐Maleficence and Beneficence | Minimise the risk and maximise the benefits of the research |
| Nuremberg Principles - Trust | Research should never undermine the trust the participants and the wider community place in us |
| Nuremberg Principles - Fidelity and Scientific Integrity | Poorly conducted research is unethical Findings should be reported honestly and disseminated widely |
| Autonomy - Core values | Informed consent Right to withdraw Vulnerable populations Power imbalances Coercion |
| Trust - Core values | Confidentiality Deception Debriefing |
| Beneficence - core values | Reciprocity Respect Equality Responsibility Survival and protection Spirit and integrity |
| Informed consent 1 | -All research conducted in Psychology requires informed consent to be provided by participants - This applies to vulnerable populations also (more so) - Informed consent =process, not just a document the participant signs to take part in your study |
| Issues when working with children - | - Capacity to understand what research entails, and therefore whether their consent to participate is sufficient for their participation -possible coercion to participate - Conflicting values and interests of parents and children |
| Between groups design | Each participant gets exposure to one group. Each participant participants only once in the experiment |
| Lab vs Field experiment | Field - Community psychology, social, observations Lab - Clinical psych/ looking at conditions |
| Within-groups design | Participant completes all levels of experiment, eg. manipulation of variable and control group, at different times. |
| Matched pairs design | Match data in pair form Match a person in each group based on similar data. E.g. Red wine causes worse hangover to white... compare two similar participants (one from each group) |
| Quasi-experimental design | Pretend - usually in clinical studies -Lacks random assignment Assigned to groups based on symptoms -Usually in groups when group inclusion is needed Eg. Depression group & Non-depressed group. |
Created by:
KaraaKinetiic
Popular Psychology sets