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Personality Ch. 2
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Ryckman 10e
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ambivalence | Mixed feeling of one person toward another, characterized by alternation between love and hate. |
| anal character | An individual fixated at the anal stage, who derives pleasure from his/her control over retention of feces. As an adult, this person is characterized by stinginess, orderliness, stubbornness, and the hoarding of possessions. |
| anal eroticism | Feelings of sexual pleasure that have their source in the person;s control over expulsion and retention of feces. |
| anal stage | Second pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratification centers around the anal cavity. |
| anticathexes | Restraining forces within the personality that are designed to keep unwated impulses from reaching consciousness or awareness. |
| anxiety | Painful feelings experienced when the ego is threatened. |
| catharsis | Reliving earlier traumatic experiences emotionally, to reduce disturbing physical symptoms. |
| cathexes | Driving energy forces that attach themselves to an idea or behavior |
| compromise formation | Defense mechanism that involves the use of contradictory behaviors to attain some satisfaction for an unacceptable impulse. |
| conscience | Punitive aspect of the superego. Once the person has incorporated societal values by forming a conscience, violation of that conscience makes the person feel guilty or ashamed. Such feelings are punishing. |
| countertransference | The tendency of the therapist to react with personal feelings toward the patient on the basis of the therapist;s own needs and conflicts. |
| denial | Primitive defense mechanism in which the person protects the self against threats from the environment by refusing to recognize their existence. |
| dependent personality type | A personality style wherein individuals are predisposed to seek the guidance, help, and support of others, even in situations where they are capable of functioning independently and meeting challenges on their own. |
| determinism | Philosophical doctrine that all behavior is caused by the operation of the events and does not occur freely or at random |
| displacement | Defense mechanism in which the person seeks gratification of thwarted impulses by shifting the impulses from the original, frustrating object on to a substitute object. |
| dream analysis | Psychoanalytic technique used to probe the unconscious through interpretation of the patient's dream |
| dynamics | Complex interrelationships among the structural components of personality such that changes in one component trigger changes in the other components. For example the id (sex), superego (guilt), ego (have a meaningful relationship) |
| ego | Agency postulated by Freud to help the individual satisfy basic urges in ways deemed appropriate by society. |
| ego-ideal | Positive aspect of the superego, comprising the standards of perfection taught to the child by the parents. |
| eros | All of the instincts inherent in us that seek to maintain life. |
| fixation | Defensive attachment to an earlier stage of psychosexual development. Prevents the learning of new behaviors, the acquisition of new interpersonal relationships, and progress in development |
| free association | Therapeutic technique pioneered by Freud in which the therapist encourages patients to report, without restriction, any thought that occur to them. |
| genital character | A mature individual who is sexually developed and capable of relating to members o the other sex. |
| genital stage | Final stage of psychosecual development, in which an attempt is made to conduct a mature love relationship with a member of the opposite sex. |
| healthy dependence | A manifestation of dependence that occurs in some contexts but not others and in ways that are situationally appropriate |
| id | Reservoir of unconscious forces or urges that blindly seek gratification |
| identification | In Freudian theory, the defensive process whereby an individual takes on the characteristics of another person in order to relieve anxieties and reduce internal conflicts. |
| intellectualizaiton | Defense mechanism in which individuals protect themselves against pain by isolating their thoughts about painful events from their feelings about them. |
| latency stage | Psychosexual period during which libidinal energy lies dormant and the primary focus is on the development of interest and skills through contact with childhood peers and teachers. |
| libido | In Freudian theory, the basic energy source contained in the id that propels behavior consisting of sexual impulses; Jung conceptualized it as the more general life-energy process consisting of sexual, creative, spiritual and self-preservative instincts. |
| negative transferance | Phenomenon that occurs during psychoanalytic therapy in which the patient redirects toward the therapist unconscious feelings of anger and hostility retained from experienced with authority figures in childhood |
| neoanalytic perspective | Theoretical positions that have their origins in Freudian psychoanalytic theory but have evolved new concepts and ways of examining and understanding human personality that are significant departures from Freud's original theory. |
| neurosis | Behavioral disorder characterized by underlying conflicts and anxieties that prevent the individual from coping effectively with everyday problems. |
| Oedipal comples | The process during the phallic stage in which the male child desires sexual contact with the mother, feels threatened by the father and eventually resolves the conflict by identifying with the father. |
| oral aggressive character | An individual who becomes fixated in the oral stage because of overindulgence during feeding (before the emergence of teeth). As an adult, this person is characterized by gullibility, admiration for others, and excessive dependence. |
| oral stage | First pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratifications center around the mouth. |
| parapraxis | Malfunction in language, such as a slip of the tongue, a bungled word, misreading, mishearing, or forgetting words or things, that indicates the presence of underlying conflicts. |
| phallic character | An individual fixated at the phallic stage who, later in life, needs to prove continually adequacy his or her sexual adequacy. Male = sexual conquest, brashness, vanity, pride and exhibitionism. Female = ridiculing and humiliating men, domineering . |
| phallic stage | Third pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratifications are derived from manipulation of the genitals. |
| pleasure principle | The rule by which the id operates; the id seeks to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. |
| positive transference | Phenomenon that occurs during therapy in which the patient redirects toward the therapist unconscious feelings of love and affection retained from experiences with authority figures (usually the parents) in early childhood. |
| preconscious | A stat of the mind in which the person is currently unaware of some idea, memory, or event, which can, however, be made conscious with some effort. |
| projection | Defense mechanism in which a person attributes his or her own undesirable characteristics to others. |
| pychonalalysis | Theory of personality development, functioning, and change created by Freud. It places havy emphasis on the roles of biological and unconscious factors in the determination of behavior. |
| psychodynamic approach | Perspective on human development and behavior based on Freudian ideas and characterized by an analysis of early childhood experienced, unconscious conflicts between children and their caregivers, and the us of deffense mechanisms to cope with distress. |
| psychopatholgy | Disordered behaviors, such as neuroses or psychoses, that interfere with realistic and effective functioning or behaving. |
| pyschosesual development | Theory devised by Freud to account for psychological and personality development in terms of individuals' attempts to come to grips with key biological impulses. |
| pychosis | Severe behavioral disorder characterized by an inability to relate effectively to other people. |
| rationalization | Defense mechanism in which individuals provide plausible but inaccurate justifications for their behavior. |
| reaction formation | Defense mechanism in which an impulse or behavior is converted into its opposite |
| regression | Defense mechanism in which a person reverts to infantile behavior as a means of alleviating stress. |
| repression | Basic defense mechanism by which unpleasant, highly painful experiences situated in the unconscious are prevented from entering consciousness. |
| resistance | A patient's unwillingness to report anxiety-provoking memories and conflicts. Freud believed that resistance was a symptom of an underlying conflict. |
| seduction theory | Originally, the view that patients reported that they had been literally seduced by a parent of the other sex during childhood. Later, revised to patients fantasized that they had experienced sexual abuse via seduction by a parent of the other sex. |
| sublimation | Form of displacement in which a socially acceptable goal replaces one that is unacceptable |
| superego | Agency postulated by Freud to represent the individual's incorporation of the moral standards of society and the ways in which these internalized standards control his or behavior via reward and punishment. |
| suppression | A form of defense in which threatening thoughts are removed by actively and consciously deciding not to thing about them. The person can exert control over their removal and their reactivation. |
| thanatos | The instinct aimed at returning to an inorganic state (death) |
| transference | Phenomenon postulated bu Freud to account for the patient's development of positive and negative feelings toward the therapist during treatment-feelings presumed to have originally been directed toward another person ( usually one of the parents) |
| unconscious | In Freudian theory, the depository of hidden wishes, needs, and conflicts of which the person is unaware. |
| undoing | Defense mechanism in which a person makes amends for a socially unacceptable act by performing a related socially acceptable act that nullifies the misdeed. |
| unhealthy dependence | A manifestation of dependence that occurs indiscriminately and reflexively across a broad range of situations. |
| Psychosexual development character types | Oral, anal, phallic & genital |
| Psychosexual development stages | Oral, andal, phallic, latency & genital |
| Defense mechanisms | Repression, displacement, sublimation, regression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, internationalization, undoing & compromise formation. |
Created by:
DavisWSU
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