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X-ray Film Process
Radiographic Film Processing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four steps to film processing | Developing, fixing, washing, drying |
| What is the sequence for processing a radiograph? | Wetting, developing, stop bath, fixing, washing, drying |
| What is the purpose of developing? | To change silver ions of the exposed crystals into metallic silver. |
| Name the two developing agents. | Phenidone and Hydroquinone |
| Which developing agent produces shades of gray rapidly? | Phenidone |
| Which developing agent produces black tones slowly? | Hydroquinone |
| What is another name for developing agent? | Reducing agent |
| Which developing agent controls the toe of the characteristic curve? | Phenidone |
| Which developing agent controls the shoulder of the characteristic curve? | Hydroquinone |
| What is the sensitivity center? | A metallic conducting electrode through which electrons are transferred from the developing agent into the crystal. |
| Name the buffering agent. | Sodium carbonate |
| Name the restrainer. | Potassium bromide |
| Name the preservative. | Sodium sulfite |
| Name a hardener. | Glutaraldehyde |
| Name the sequestering agent. | Chelates |
| What is the name of another restrainer? | Potassium iodide |
| What do restrainers do? | Restrict the action of the developing agent to only those silver halide crystals that have been iradiated. |
| What does a preservative do? | Controls the oxidation of the developing agent by air. |
| What does the hardener do? | It controls the swelling and softening of the emulsion. |
| What color does hydroquinone turn when it has been oxidized? | Brownish |
| A lack of restrainer could lead to? | Development fog |
| Chelates are also known as? | Sequestering agents |
| What does an activator do? | Neutralizes the pH of the emulsion and stops developer action. |
| What do fixing agents do? | Remove unexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion. |
| The temperature of the wash water should be maintained around _____ below the developer temperature. | 3 degrees C/5 degrees F |
| The dry-to-drop time for most automatic processors is ____. | 90 seconds |
| Developer temperature must be maintained around _____. | 35 degrees C/95 degrees F) |
| A grayish yellow or brown stain could indicate? | Excessive fixation or use of exhausted fixer. |
| Grayish-white scum could indicate? | Incomplete washing |
| Static marks are caused by? | Static electricity due to friction between film and other objects. |
| Developer temperatures should be checked how often? | Daily |
| The roller racks should be removed and cleaned how often? | Weekly |
| The proper developer action will only occur in an _____ solution. | Alkaline |
| The most common results of excessive developer temperature are: | Decrease in contrast and increase in density |
| A solution that is capable of giving up negative ions (electrons) is classified as a? | Reducing agent |
| Which developer chemical causes the film emulsion to swell? | Sodium carbonate |
| The solution that is maintained at the lowest temperature of approximately 90 degrees F is the: | Wash |
| During latent image formation, the concentration of metallic silver in the exposed crystal occurs in the region of the: | Sensitivity speck |
| One of the common causes of processor jam up is the depletion of the hardener in the developer solution called: | Glutaraldehyde |
| The solution that is maintained at the temperature of approximately 80 degrees F (27 degrees C) is the: | Wash |
| The termination of development process can be accomplished by placing the film in a/an: | Acid solution |
| The principal cause of oxidation in the developer solution of an automatic processor is the exposure to: | Air |
| Single-emulsion film must be loaded with the emulsion ________ the intensifying screen. | Toward |
| The emulsion is composed of gelatin in which photosensitive _______ ______ crystals are suspended. | Silver halide |
| The silver halides used in radiographic film are? | Silver bromide, iodide, and chloride |
| Small crystals = _________ resolution, ______ speed | High, slow |
| Large crystals = ________ resolution, ________ speed | Low, fast |
| _________ films are sensitive to all colors. | Panchromatic |
| __________ films are not sensitive to the red spectrum. | Orthochromatic |
| Large crystals + thick emulsion = _____ contrast __________latitude, and _________ resolution. | Lower, wider, Less |
| Fluoroscopic spot filming can be accomplished with _________ roll film or __________ film chips. | 70mm roll film, 105 mm |
| Film should be stored at a temperature of ______ or lower at all times. | 20 degrees Celsius/68 degrees Fahrenheit |
| Humidity of film must be maintained between ___ and ___ percent. | 30, 60 |
| _____________ is the only solution dramatically affected by contamination. | Developer |
| Contamination can occur if ________ drips into the developer tank. | Fixer |
| Film should be dried in a temperature range of ___ to ____. | 120 - 150 degrees F |
| Processed x-rays should be stored at about ______ and _____ humidity. | 70 degrees F (23 degrees C), 60 |
| The _________ __________ is designed to move a film through the developer. | Transport system |
| The _________ ________ moves film down in and up out of solution tanks. | Transport rack |
| The ________ ________ turns the film down into the next tank. | Crossover network |
| The _________ _________ turns rollers | Drive system |
| When damp film exits the processor, the cause is most likely to be the ________. | Fixer |
| _____________ is the measurement of the characteristic responses of film to exposure and processing. | Sensitometry |
| Either a _________ or a ____________ is required to produce a uniform range of densities on a film. | Penetrometer, sensitometer |
| A __________ is an instrument that provides a readout of the amount of blackening (density) on a film. | Densitometer |
| A __________ is a series of increasingly thick, uniform absorbers. | Penetrometer |
| A _________ is designed to expose a reproducible, uniform, optical step wedge onto a film. | Sensitometer |
| At 0.3 optical density, ________ percent of light is transmitted through film. | 50 |
| Increments of 0.3 changes in OD numbers represent a ___________ of opacity. | Doubling |
| ________ ____ _______ is the density at no exposure, or the density that is inherent in the film. | Base plus fog |
| Radiographic film density ranges around _____ to ___. | 0.05 to 0.10 |
| The range of diagnostic densities varies from ________ to _________. | 0.25 - 0.50 |
| Film resolution is determined by the ____ of the silver halide crystals. | Size |
| An _____________ relationship exists between film resolution and crystal size. | Inverse |
| Film speed and crystal size are _______ ______. | Directly related |
| Film speed and number of sensitivity specks are ________ ________. | Directly related |
| Film speed and thickness of emulsion layer are _______ ________. | Directly related |
| A change in density will affect contrast only when ______ or _________ the straight line portion of the D log E curve. | Above, below |
| The toe gradient is calculated between ____ and _____ | OD 0.25, OD 1.00 |
| Latitude and contrast are _________ related. | Inversely |
| High contrast = _____ latitude + _____ patient dose. | Narrow, high |
| Low contrast = ____ latitude + ______ patient dose. | Wide, low |
| Slow film = ________ patient dose. | High |
| Fast film = _________ patient dose | Low |
| Mismatching of film and screens often _________ patient dose. | increases |
| ______ sensitive film will not respond to most wavelengths emitted by rare-earth phosphors. | Blue |
| ______ is more sensitive to the entire range of phosphor emissions, including yellow-green wavelengths. | Green |
| The speed of an imaging system depends on the __________ of the layer of phosphor or silver halide. | thickness |
| Relative speed number are usually established at ____________ kVp, with ____ kVp preferred. | 70 - 80, 80 |
| Recorded detail, sharpness and resolution are measured as ____ ______ ________ | line pairs per millimeter |
| Define matrix. | Square series of boxes that gives form to the image. |
| Define pixels. | The individual matrix boxes. |
| Define voxel. | A three-dimensional volume of tissue. |
| Define noise. | Random background information that is detected but does not contribute to image quality. |
| Image noise has an _____ relationship to contrast. | Inverse |
| Window level controls _______ ________. | Image density |
| There is a(n) ______ relationship between window level and density. | Direct |
| Window width controls _______ _______. | Image contrast |
| There is a(n) _________ relationship between window width and contrast. | Inverse |
| Window width also controls _______ ___ _______. | Visibility of detail |
| Resolution is controlled by ______ ________. | Matrix size |
| Computed radiography is considered ________ digital. | Indirect |
| Direct digital radiography are _________ systems. | Cassette-less |
| ___________ include those that use photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plates, charged coupled devices and silicon. | Indirect systems |
| ________ _________ systems directly convert incoming x-ray photons to an electronic signal. | Direct acquisition |
| The most common phosphor with characteristics favorable for CR is ________ _____ ____ and ____________. | Barium fluorohalide bromides, iodides |
| The latent image is actually created by energy transfer during ____________ ________. | Photoelectric interactions |
| The smaller the pixel, the _______ the spatial resolution. | Higher |
| The range response of the imaging plate detector to x-ray is ________. | Linear |
| Images that are underexposed will show _______ ______________. | Quantum mottle |
| If scan frequency and grid frequency are similar and oriented in the same direction, a _______ _________ will be observed. | Moire effect |
| _________ ________ ________ acquisition systems directly convert incoming x-ray photons into electronic digital signal. | Direct radiography systems |
| Define CCD (Charge Coupled Device). | A photodector that is capable of converting visible light into an electric charge and storing it in a sequential pattern. |
| What is DICOM? | System of computer software standards that permit a wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another. |
| Quantum mottle (orreticulation) is caused by ______ _______. | Low mAs |
| PACS integrates information from the ______ and ______. | HIS, RIS |
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rad1958tech
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